Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890 Chapter 23

1. Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800-1890Chapter 23

2. Independence in Latin America

3. Roots of Revolution • Colonial Frustration • Political and economic power of officials • High taxes • Imperial monopolies • What inspired them? • The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil • Napoleon • In Spain, Napoleon forced King Ferdinand off of the throne • Junta Central

4. The majority of residents in Spanish America wanted autonomy and their own local Juntas. • Local dissenters in Venezuela, Mexico, and Bolivia overthrew Spanish officials in 1808-09. • Result:

5. Spanish South America, 1810-1825 • Venezuela 1811 claimed independence • Creole interest • Spanish loyalists • Free blacks and slaves • Simon Bolivar • Force and personality • New allies • Confederation • By 1821, Bolivar won Venezuela’s independence

6. San Martin Leads Southern Liberation Forces • Jose de San Martin declared independence in 1816 in Argentina-Rio de la Plata. • This was after Ferdinand gained power in Spain • Met with Bolivar in Ecuador in 1822 • Gran Colombia formed in 1824 • Peru and Bolivia 1824 FAILED

7. Mexico, 1810-1823 • In 1810, Mexico was Spain’s richest and most populous colony • Dislocation of Amerindians • Crop failures and epidemics • Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Jose Maria Morelos led violent rebellions from 1810-1815. Loyalist forces defeated the insurrections.

8. In 1820 a revolution in Spain put a liberal group in power in Mexico. Mexico feared the loss of their privileges in the Spanish colony. So they united in support of Mexico’s independence from Spain. Ironically, Agustin de Iturbide- the man who defeated the rebel Padre Morelos-proclaimed independence in 1821.

9. United Providence of Central America • Central America declared its absolute independence from Spain in 1821. By 1823, Iturbide was overthrown. Central America then declared its absolute independence from Mexico. • Nicaragua, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Costa Rica

10. Brasil, to 1831 • King John VI of Portugal ruled his kingdom from Brasil until his return in 1821. His son, Pedro remained in Brasil, declaring himself king and making it an independent constitutional monarchy. • Pedro’s liberal policies made him unpopular. • Abdicated in favor of his son, Pedro II, who reigned until republicans overthrew him in 1889.

11. Why did political power in Latin America frequently fell to military leaders? • Military leaders were popular with the people, and civilian authorities could not contain the political aspirations of charismatic military leaders.

12. The Problem of Order, 1825-1890

13. Constitutional Experiments • Leaders in the U.S. and Latin America espoused(adopted) constitutionalism. • Inexperience v. experience • Canada • Est. governments in each province by 1847. In 1867, they formed ______ in Ottawa. • Latin America • Inexperience led to:

14. Personalist Leaders • Successful military leaders were able to use military reputations as the foundation of their political power (Americas). • Had a bigger influence on Latin America • Political participation • Was limited to the rich so populist leaders sought to represent the ___ and undermine the constitutional order and move toward _____. • Andrew Jackson • Jose Paez in Venezuela

15. Personalist leaders like Paez and Jackson identified with the common people but.. • Why were there more personalist leaders in Latin America? • Caudillos- • Napolean

16. The Threat of Regionalism • Weak central governments in the Americas led to sectionalism. • Secessionist movements • Failed multistate federations • Central America split from Mexico 1823 • Central America split into five nations • Bolivia split from Argentina

17. Regionalism in the U.S. • Civil War • Why did the Confederacy fail? • Timing

18. Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars • By the end of the 19th century four countries successfully wages wars against their neighbors and est. themselves as regional powers. USA Brazil Chile Argentina

19. European intervention: • U.S. • War of 1812 • Spanish American war 1898 • French and English naval blockade • Argentina • Brasil (English) • French invasion of Mexico 1862 • Benito Juarez was replaced by Maximilien Habsburg • Benito drove the French out in 1867

20. U.S. versus Mexico • 1848 annexation • Chile • Defeated Peru and ally Bolivia • Gained nitrate mines and outlet to sea • Argentina and Brasil • Fought over Uruguay in 1820s, but finally recognized Uruguayan independence • All 3 of these then fought Paraguay and forced them to open its markets to foreign trade

21. Native Peoples and the Nation-State • Independent Amerindian peoples posed a significant challenge to the new nations of the Western Hemisphere. • U.S. expansion 1790-1810 • Tecumseh and Prophet • Indian Removal Act 1830

22. Great Plains • Firearms and horses • Buffalo hunters • Loss of land to ranchers • Four decades of conflict

23. Chile and Argentina • Checked settlement of whites until 1860 • Population, stable government, military modernization • In 1870s they crushed native resistance and drove Amerindians onto marginal land • Mexico (Yucatan peninsula) • Mayans • Caste War 1847

24. The Challenge of Economic and Social Change

25. The Abolition of Slavery • Rhetoric of universal freedom contrasted with the reality of slavery. • Survived in much of the W. Hemisphere until _____.* • Why? • 1808 U.S.- • Spanish American revolutions • Brasil and Cuba

26. Abolition in U.S. • African Americans and women • Emancipation Proclamation • Thirteenth Amendment 1865 • Brasil • Pressure from England • Respect in war • Paraguay • 1888 • Caribbean colonies • Decline in sugar in English • Overthrow of Louis Phillippe in French revolutions 1848 • Puerto Rico and Cuba, 1873 and 1886 respectively

27. Immigration • As the slave trade ended, immigration from ___ and ____ increased in America. • Economic benefits • Discrimination • Attempt assimilation

28. American Cultures • Despite discrimination, immigrants altered the politics of many of the hemisphere’s nations as they sought to influence government policies. • Unequal distribution of income. • Immigrants were changed by their experiences in their adopted nations, undergoing acculturation. At the same time, the languages, the arts, the music, and the political cultures of the Western Hemisphere nations were influenced by the cultures of the immigrants.

29. Women’s Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice • In the second half of the 19th century women’s rights movements slowly progressed. • U.S., Canada, and Latin America • Working class women: • Upper class women: • Despite abolition of slavery, various forms of discrimination against persons of African descent remained in place. • U.S. • Lynching • segregation • suffrage

30. Development and Underdevelopment • What American countries attained the standards of living similar to those in W. Europe? • Only U.S. industrialized • Mining booms • European and U.S. mined in Latin America • This increased the dependence on ____ _____.

31. Latin America, the United States, and Canada all participated in the increasingly integrated world market. • Industrialization v. exporting raw materials • Why did Latin America fall behind? • Dependency on exports • Weak governments • Civil war • Dependency on Great Britain for ____ • Neo-colonialism- politically, but not economically independent from Europe.

32. Altered Environments • Deforestation, soil exhaustion, and erosion • Population growth • Economic expansion • Introduction of new plants and animals • Rapid ____ put a strain on delivery systems and sewage and garbage disposal systems led to spread of the timber industry. • The expansion of the mining industry led to erosion and pollution in Western U.S., Chile, and Brasil. • All nations chose economic growth instead of protecting the environment.

33. Napoleon’s Influence in Latin America • First modern day dictator. • Charismatic, personalist leader, glorified because of military career, savior. • Saves country from political chaos.

34. What liberals want • Constitution • Free trade • Protection of property • Secular society

35. Liberals in America • Do not want equality for: • Women • Slaves • People of color • Indian, indigenous peoples • Asian and European immigrants

36. Change Over Time • 18th century- political, social, economic change • 19th century- liberals turn conservative- happy with change/no more. Populism brings chaos, revolts, destruction of property • Masses left out and want republicanism- Rousseau • In Latin America masses believe in populous leaders, while liberals exploit the masses.

37. Real Liberals • Abolitionists • Feminists • Union leaders • Socialists • Communists • anarchists