Shifts

1. Shifts Outcomes and influences

2. CapitalismHypercapitalism • Commercialization (commodification) • - determined by production and exchange • - part of the accumulation and profit-making process • - its expansion changing the nature of capitalism (hence, its impact on globalization)

3. Production • Planetary growth of traditional industrial sectors: • - postindustrial society implying redirection from agriculture and heavy industry to ”information economy” • - towards a culture of consumerism • - financial services as commodities/goods (traditional bond/share supplemented by ”floating-rate bonds, bonds with equity warrants, zero-coupon bonds, commercial paper, repurchase agreements, asset-backed securities and so on” [Scholte 166]) • - information (software, services); genetic capital (GM foods)

4. New organizations • Offshore centres • Multinationals • Increasing mergers and acquisitions • Increasing monopolies? • Overall consequence: capitalism not only cause but also consequence of globalizatioin

5. StatismPolycentrism • (Partial) shift to municipal, provincial, national, macro-regional and global levels of regulation • ”New medievalism” • Post/Westphalian types of sovereignty rendered (partly) obsolete by supraterritorial information, financial, cultural flows

6. Caveats • Not the end of state power • The role of stronger states (relevance of political realism) • Fragmentation of states: the difficulties experience/caused by smaller states

7. Global ”constituencies” • Ambiguous policies resulting from national and transnational interests (i.e., Danish, German and Swedish governments joining environmentalist protests against Shell’s plan to sink Brent Spar in the Atlantic in 1995) • Diverging policies on welfare (the impact of neoliberalism) • Warfare (9/11; the impact of new technology) • Transstate relations determining polycentrism (G7/8)

8. Bypassing the centre • The (commercial, diplomatic, cultural) autonomy of regions • - example: federal states in Brazil and India dealing directly with the World Bank • Western Europe’s ”Four Motors’” network linking Baden-Württemberg, Catalonia, Lombardy and Rhône-Alpes • EU (macro-regional governance) • Transworld governance: UN, WTO, IMF, World Bank (target of protests, as well); NATO’s bombing of Serbia to protect Kosovo; Hague Tribunal (Milosevic)

9. Legitimacy, norms and privatized governance • Sources of legitimacy in global governance as opposed to those in traditional states • Company-based codes; ”corporate citizenship” • Humanitarian aid (Save the Children, UNHCR) • Civil society in a global world (addressing transplanetary problems: arms control, asylum seekers, climate change, debt relief, gender equality, etc)

10. NationalismHybridization • Alternative forms of identity; no longer only national • Yet, nationalism still persistent; micro-nations (see fragmentation of states) • Region-nations: Pan-African, Pan-Arab, Pan-Asian, Pan-European movements (religious, cultural, political criteria) • Transworld nations: diasporas (exile); the example of Chile, the 13th region

11. Non-territorial identities • Human (environment, human rights); global relief campaign; solidarity • Religion (in an increasingly secularized world?) • Social class • Gender (rights, interests) • Race (shared social experiences); the Non-Aligned Movement; Third World solidarity of the 1960s & 1970s • Youth • Sexual orientation

12. Increasingly mixed identities • Communitarian approaches to shape solidarity are problematic • Contradictory developments: increased hybridization; the return of nationalism