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INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY. BIOLOGY 320 FALL 2005 COURSE INTRODUCTION. General Information. Aaron L. Payette, M.S. WHI 177a 895-4918 payettea@unlv.nevada.edu Office hours Tuesday, 10am – 11am Also by appointment. Lecture – Tues and Thurs, 4pm – 5:15pm, here

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INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY

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  1. INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY BIOLOGY 320 FALL 2005 COURSE INTRODUCTION

  2. General Information • Aaron L. Payette, M.S. • WHI 177a • 895-4918 • payettea@unlv.nevada.edu • Office hours • Tuesday, 10am – 11am • Also by appointment

  3. Lecture – Tues and Thurs, 4pm – 5:15pm, here • Textbook – Ruppert, Fox and Barnes 7th Edition • Laboratory – Tuesday in FMA 110 • Use side door • Section 01 – 12:30pm – 3:20pm • Section 02 – 5:30pm – 8:20pm • Manual – Wallace and Taylor • Lab instructor – Marty Erwin • 895-0807 • erwinm2@unlv.nevada.edu

  4. Learning Objectives • Understand the basics of common phyla • Protozoa, plus 19 out of roughly 35 animal phyla • Taxonomy • Important Phyla, Classes, Genera, and Species • Anatomy and physiology • Interesting structures • How body systems function • Links between form and function • Evolution • Adaptations • Evolutionary relationships • Ecology

  5. Assessment • Lecture • 3 lecture exams • Cumulative final exam • 65% of total grade • Laboratory • 2 laboratory exams • Lab notebook • Field trip or paper • 35% of total grade

  6. Tips for Succeeding in Lecture • Read assigned chapters before attending lecture (do the same for lab) • Study at least 10 hrs per week, from book and notes (similar but not exactly the same) • See me with specific questions • Tests are combination of multiple-choice and short answer / fill-in questions • Test questions will be derived from both the book and lecture notes

  7. Vote for preferred system Standard A = 90% or above B = 80% - 89% C = 70% - 79% Etc. No curve unless absolutely necessary No extra credit Plus / Minus A = 93% or above A- = 90% - 92% B+ = 87% - 89% Etc. Grading and “Will There Be a Curve?”

  8. Missed / Late Exam Policy • No make-up exams, except with: • Medical documentation • Legal documentation • Make-up exams will be essay form • If you arrive late to an exam, and even one exam has already been turned in, you will be given an essay test

  9. Miscellaneous • Do NOT share information regarding laboratory exams with students in another section. This is cheating, and if you are caught sharing information, you will fail the course and possibly be expelled. • Lecture and laboratory schedules are TENTATIVE

  10. The Biological Sciences • Biology – study of life • Many different fields (some examples) • Zoology – study of animals • Anatomy – study of morphological structures • Physiology – study of how body structures (cells, organs, organ systems, etc) function • Evolution – study of change over time (molecular level to ecosystem level) • Ecology – study of how organisms interact and affect their environments, or vice versa

  11. Hierarchy of Life • Atomic level to the biosphere level • Figure covers molecular level to ecosystem level • An ecologist may be a community ecologist, a population ecologist, etc.

  12. Three Domains of Life • Three large groups called domains • Bacteria - prokaryotes • Archaea - prokaryotes • Eukarya - eukaryotes • Prokaryotic – cells lack a nucleus • Eukaryotic – cells possess a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

  13. Classification is continually changing • Some scientists don’t subscribe to the three domain method of classification • Some still use the Five Kingdom method Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea

  14. Domain Eukarya • Domain Eukarya consists of several kingdoms • Protista - single celled (several kingdoms) • Plantae - multicellular • Fungi - multicellular • Animalia - multicellular

  15. Protists Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

  16. Diversity of Life • DNA is the molecule responsible for diversity • Specific regions of DNA (genes) code for specific types of proteins • Speciation occurs several ways • Allopatric • Adaptive radiation • Sympatric • If reproductive barriers arise between populations, speciation will occur • Prezygotic barriers • Postzygotic barriers

  17. Evolution • Origin of Species published by Charles Darwin in 1859 • Concepts • Descent with modification • Natural selection –inherited traits within a species are selected for or against • Adaptation – features that have evolved by means of natural selection

  18. Invertebrate Zoology • Study of invertebrate animals • Inverts make up at least 99% of all extant (living) animal species on the planet • Over 1,000,000 described spp. (species) on the planet (mostly insects) • Estimated 10 to 30 million spp. have yet to be described • We will cover 19 (time permitting) of the approx. 35 animal phyla

  19. Preview of Phyla We Will Cover • Protozoa – animal-like protists • Do not belong to kingdom animalia, and thus are not considered to be invertebrate animals • Important evolutionary link between prokaryotes, and everyday plants and animals Volvox

  20. Phylum Porifera • Sponges

  21. Phylum Cnidaria • Jellyfish, Anemones, and Corals Portuguese Man O’ War

  22. Phylum Ctenophora • Comb Jellies

  23. Phylum Platyhelminthes • Flatworms

  24. Phylum Nemertea • Ribbon Worms

  25. Phylum Mollusca • Chitons, Clams, Snails, Slugs, Squids, and Octopi Banana Slug

  26. Phylum Annelida • Segmented Worms

  27. Phylum Echiura • Spoonworms

  28. Phylum Sipuncula • Peanut Worms

  29. Phylum Tardigrada • Water Bears

  30. Phylum Arthropoda • Horseshoe Crabs, Arachnids, Crustaceans, Myriapods, and Insects

  31. Phylum Gastrotricha • Name means “stomach hair”

  32. Phylum Nematoda • Roundworms Caenorhabditis elegans = good Ascaris lumbricoides = bad

  33. Phylum Rotifera • Wheel bearers

  34. Phylum Phoronida • A lophophorate

  35. Phylum Brachiopoda • Lamp shells, another lophophorate

  36. Phylum Bryozoa • Bryozoans, the largest phylum in the superphylum Lophophorata

  37. Phylum Echinodermata • Starfish, Brittle Stars, Urchins, and Sea Cucumbers

  38. Phylum Chordata • Phylum Chordata is the only phylum containing vertebrate animals, however, there are some invertebrate chordates

  39. Taxonomy • Linnean system (Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species) is almost abandoned • Genus species (binomial nomenclature) is still used • Lumbricus terrestris • Lumbricus terrestris • Scientists are more interested in evolutionary relationships (how are organisms similar / different), as opposed to what “What class do shrimp belong to?” • Taxonomic names, and proposed evolutionary relationships change frequently

  40. Cladistics • Method embraced by the authors of your text for constructing evolutionary relationships in the form of phylogenetic trees, or cladograms • May be assembled according to morphology and/or molecular data (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences) • Can be used to infer a great deal about evolutionary relationships • But it is easy to make mistakes • Homology – good indication of a relationship • Analogy - misleading

  41. Morphological Vs. Molecular Data Body Plan Data rRNA Data

  42. Ground Plan • For each Phylum we cover, you want to understand that group’s ground plan (basic set of characteristics) • These characteristics are useful for determining differences / similarities between phyla • Ground plan for Phylum Arthropoda (example): segmented body, chitinous exoskeleton, periodic molts, and jointed appendages

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