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Imperial Expansion and the Punic Wars

Imperial Expansion and the Punic Wars. External Threats. Sabines , Alba Longa Veii Lars Porsenna Lake Regillus (496BC) Volscii , and Aequi The renegade, Corlioanus Cincinnatus The Latin League (30 city-states)(50/50split) patron – client relationship ager publicus coloniae.

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Imperial Expansion and the Punic Wars

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  1. Imperial Expansionand the Punic Wars

  2. External Threats • Sabines, Alba Longa • Veii • Lars Porsenna • Lake Regillus (496BC) • Volscii, and Aequi • The renegade, Corlioanus • Cincinnatus • The Latin League (30 city-states)(50/50split) • patron – client relationship • ager publicus • coloniae

  3. War with Veii • access to the Tiber, salt beds, and ager publicus • Fidemae • 10 years to 396BC • stipendium • M. Furius Camillus • praeda

  4. Gallic Sack of Rome 390BC • Gauls? Celts? • weakening of Etruria • Senones led by Brennus • realpolitikof Syracuse? • siege of Clusium • siege of Capitoline citadel • vaevictis! • Po River Valley (Bonnie and Clyde) • psychological effect

  5. End of the Latin League • consolidation of central Italy from 380-350BC (animosity between Rome and the Latin League) • alliance with the Samnites • ius Latii, citizenship, citizenship sine suffragio, socii, municipiae • “spare the conquered, battle down the proud” • divide and conquor

  6. THINK PAIR SHARE:In these early years of expansion, to what extent is the casus belli a real threat to Rome? In other words, in what ways are these wars caused by real threats or are they the product of a Roman desire for expansion? Must Rome’s response be martial?

  7. Samnite Wars • Campania and the First Samnite War (340’sBC) • Coloniae, Neapolis (Naples), and the Second Samnite War (320’sBC) • Battle of the Claudine Forks and Battle of Lautulae • Etruscans join Samnites • VE 308BC/ VS 304BC • Via Appiaand Aqua Appia (Censor Appius Claudius) • maniples, gladius, pilum • Etruscans, Gauls, and the Third Samnite War (298BC) • Battle of Sentinum • municipiae, Gauls hemmed in the Po River Valley, and Greek city-states in the South

  8. Pyrrhic War • Tarantum • King Pyrrhus of Epirus • war elephants • Pyrrhic Victories at Heraclea and Ausculum • alliance with Carthage • while leaving Sicily: “What a field we are leaving for the Romans and Carthiginians to exercise their arms.” • Rome, master of Italy

  9. THINK PAIR SHARE:In what ways is Rome’s economy tied into warfare and the military? What are the consequences of this relationship?

  10. The Punic Wars • Phoenician city founded 814BC by Queen Dido • greatest Mediterranean sea power • 4 million subjects & stories of sailors in South Africa and Ireland • ran by a “board of directors” • minimal class conflict • mercenary army

  11. The First Punic War • Mamertines at Messana (288BC) • Hiero II, King of Syracuse (265BC) • Carthigian aid, Roman aid (declaration by comitia centuriata, arguments by the Claudii vs. Fabii, discussion of Regium, Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica) • Hanno forfeits Messana • Carthigianian/ Syracusean siege of Messana • early Roman victories in Sicily • defection of Hiero (foreign cliens) • seige of Agrigentum (two walls)

  12. The First Punic War • Roman triremes and Carthiginianquinquiremes • beached quinquireme, and the corvus • Mylae (260BC) and the columnarostrata • Roman invasion of Corsica and Sardinia • Naval Battle of Ecnomus, invasion of North Africa (256BC), the Spartan mercenary Xanthippus, the hubris or Regulus, the Battle of Bagradas, and the dismissal of Xanthippus. • 247BC – HamilcarBarca leads Carthiginian forces in Sicily; asymmetrical war based at Mt. Etna • war of attrition, 9 year siege of Lilybaelum, P. Claudius Pulcher’s raid, and auspices. • victory at the Aegates Islands (241BC)

  13. The End of the First Punic War • Carthiginian withdrawal from Sicily • war indemnity • mare noster • acquisition of Corsica and Sardinia • evolution of provincia • perseverance of Senate and socii • Carthage involved in Mercenary War (238BC) • Rome fights a series of Illyrian Wars against pirates, and conquers Cisalpine Gaul, settling the Po River Valley

  14. THINK PAIR SHARE:In what ways does the First Punic War guarantee and also shape the Second Punic War? What other ways could have the First Punic War concluded that would have better provided for a peaceful future between these two powers?

  15. The Outbreak of the Second Punic War • Hamilcar in Spain • new territory (New Carthage and Barcelona) • precious metals “the new world of the old world” • establishment of dynasty • Romans wary of Gauls • Ebro River Treaty • Saguntum • Hannibal (221BC)

  16. Crossing into Italy • Publius Cornelius Scipio (the Elder) sent to Spain (Gnaeus pushes onwards) • Hannibal leaves Hasdrubal with an army of 16,000. He sets out with 80,000 infantry, 12,000 cavalry, and elephants • crossing of the Rhodenus (Rhone) • crossing the Alps • c. ½ Carthiginian army emerges Alps, and 1-handful of elephants • Tributaries of the Po, injury of Cornelius Scipio (the Elder), presence of Cornelius Scipio (the Younger)

  17. Trebia River Battle (218BC) • T. SemproniusLongus • Hannibal baits the Romans • Mago’s Ambush • 20,000 Romans KIA • loss of northernmost Italy

  18. Battle of Lake Trasimene (217BC) • swamps and eye • G Flaminius and Gn. ServiliusGeminus • 30,000 Romans KIA • 10,000 captured • 4,000 reinforcements destroyed • Sanguineto

  19. Fabius Maximus “Cunctator”, dictator • Fabian Tactics • escape of Hannibal from Campania • socii in central Italy remain loyal

  20. Cannae (215BC) • G. Terentius Varro (hubris) & LuciusAemiliusPaullus (reserve) • Numidian Cavalry • Pincer Movement • hamstrings • 50-70,000 Roman KIA • 11,000 captured • Capua, Syracuse (Sicily), Macedon defect to Carthiginians

  21. Turning Point • “Hannibal at the Gates” • seizure of power by senate, merit based political advancement, and return to Fabian Tactics • M. Claudius Marcellus in Sicily, death of Archimedes • Gn. and P. Cornelius Scipio in Spain (since 217BC), both killed in 211BC • P. Cornelius Scipio (the Younger, later, Africanus) • cult of personality, aristea, prorogatio • capture of New Carthage (209BC) • Battle of Metaurus (207BC) and the decapitation of Hasdrubal Barca

  22. The End of the Second Punic War • Scipio, imperator and consul in Africa (204BC) • fall of Utica • recall of Hannibal • Massinissa of Numidia • Battle of Zama (202BC) • Hannibal escapes • acquisition of Spain, and northern Africa • 50 year war indemnity

  23. THINK PAIR SHARE:It is often said that the Second Punic War is defined by great generalship? Is this the case?

  24. The Macedonian Wars • First Macedonian War, “phony war”, Philip V of Macedon, Carthaginian ally, trapped in the East • Philip V becomes an ally to Antiochus III of Syria. Smaller Greek states (Rhodes, Pergamum, Aetolian League) seek aid from Rome (clientela) • Second Macedonian War (200-196BC), Philip ordered to dismantle fleet, Aetolians defect to Antiochus, Hannibal leads armies of Antiochus • Syrian Wars (192-189BC), Romans invade Asia Minor, Scipio faces off again against Hannibal • Third Macedonian War (172-167BC), new players (Perseus of Macedon, and Antiochus IV), Battle of Pydna, Perseus as Rome’s captive, devastation of Epirus, Greek freedom • massive influx of slaves, Rome as master of Italy, Spain, N. Africa, Greece, Asia Minor, and Syria

  25. Third Punic War (149-146BC) • M. Porcius Cato: “Carthagodelendaest” • Numidian (Client) King Massinissa captures territory from Carthage • Macedonian Rebellion (praetors and provinciae) • 146BC – Destruction of Corinth and Carthage

  26. Effects of War and Imperial Expansion on Roman Society • fear of northern invaders • professional military • praeda • displaced soldiers look to commanders as patrons • provincial administration and tax farming • philHellenism • centrality of the Senate, nobilitas, cult of personality, aristea, honor, and imperium • 16 novihomines between 264 and 134BC

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