Society, physical activity and sport

1. Society, physical activity and sport Unit 4

2. topics • The History of Physical Activity and Sport • Early history • Olympic Revival • Gender Issues • Government Involvement

3. topics • Business, Physical Activity and Sport • Pro vs Amateurism • Sport for Profit • Roles in Pro Sport • Media and Sport • Consumer Awareness

4. topics • Ethical Issues, Physical Activity and Sport • Gender • Sponsorship and Advertising • Violence and Aggression • Cheating • Fair Play

5. 1. History of Physical education & sport

6. Learning goals • We are learning to understand the important role sport and physical activity played in early human society.

7. Introduction – white boards How has the following affected the development of sport in Canada? • Geography • Climate • Distribution of Population • Economics • Government • Multiculturalism • Education • Technology

8. What was sport like in other countries?

9. Greeks • early Olympic Games • 776 BC first recorded • running, then wrestling, long distance running, discuss, boxing, long jump, javelin • unit of time OLYMPIAD - homage to Zeus • Olympic truce was called

10. romans • boxing • turned into Gladiator sport • chariot races

11. Social significance • original Olympics part of religious celebrations honouring the god Zeus • G believed gods bestowed extraordinary physical abilities upon athletes and winners would present offerings to the temples of gods • Games provided an opportunity for much admired young male athletes to demonstrate their physical strength and fitness

12. Societal values • worship of G and R gods was an important religious and social practice and human activities such as sports were performed in homage to gods • society was male dominated and oriented towards war, military conquest and glory of G nation state and R empire • slavery was accepted part of society • society was hierarchical – divided into distinct classes according to lineage, wealth, political power and military rank

13. Sporting values • participation valued as means to attaining both physical and mental well being • the ideal of a sound mind in a healthy body was highly prized • Olympic Truce: permitted nations to participate in the Games in a peaceful setting even if they were at war with one another

14. equitability • only men of high social standing were allowed to compete in the ancient Olympics • married women were not allowed to watch Olympic events • women and citizens of lower social status were not allowed to compete in the Games

15. Aztecs • “Tlachtli” - basketball-like • put ball through hoop without hands • losers lost their heads

16. Native Americans • important for young warriors • physical and spiritual fitness • wrestling, archery, foot races, horse races

17. Native Canadians • “baggataway” - a more violent form of lacrosse • modified by French and English settlers • military training during peace times • once used to attack an English settlement

18. Mid 1800s England • Industrial Revolution and Victorian Era • middle class development • more facilities made - produced a profit • British “gentlemen” - fair play • Amateurism • promoted manly character • but harmful to women • sport builds character and should be part of the educational system • cricket, rugby, soccer, calisthenics, rowing, • physical education grows

19. The Industrial Revolution and the Victorian Era • rural agra economies shifted to urban- based manufacturing economies • populations grew and a new prosperous middle class emerged • middle class was eager to join the upper classes in leisure pursuits • popular recreational activities included bicycling, roller skating, horseback riding, boating, and swimming • rules and time limits were set on spectator sports such as cricket, football, and tennis to accommodate workers’ schedules

21. Victorian attitudes toward sport • Victorian ideal of “amateurism” excluded the lower classes from participating • sport was seen to develop manly character and camaraderie among the privileged classes • Victorian ideal of the “gentleman athlete” excluded women • most Victorians believed that too much physical activity would harm a woman’s delicate constitution

22. Sport and PE in Victorian era • because sport “built character,” it was viewed as vital to a privileged young man’s education • PE and sport became a growing part of the British “public” (i.e., private) school system • Victorian young men brought their sports to the British colonies • in Upper Canada in the 1840s, Dr. Egerton Ryerson established a more accessible public education system that included PE

23. The Olympics • the Olympic Movement celebrated its 100th anniversary in Paris in 1994 and 1996 (Atlanta) marked the 100th anniversary of the Olympic Games • the Games have always been just one part of the Movement guided by the philosophy of Olympism • founded by Baron Pierre de Coubertin; believed in the Olympic ideals

24. Social significance • in 1896, PdC revived ancient Olympics as a modern international sporting competition to promote the ideal of “a sound mind in a health body” and to prepare young French soldiers for battle • the revived Games honoured the principles of competing against the best and focussing on the competition rather than the prize • gradually, sport and physical education shifted from a model based on militaristic discipline and training to one that emphasized school and team spirit, pursuing ones “personal best”, having fun, and reaping social and health related awards as well

25. Societal values • beginning of 20th century onward has seen a general shift in Western societal values and attitudes reflecting the idea that everyone – not just the privileged few – has right to reap personal, social and health related rewards of participating in physical activity and sport • trend in democratic nations has been towards greater individual rights and freedoms, inclusivity and acceptance of diversity in various areas of life, including sport

26. Sport values • the modern Olympics aimed to promote sporting values that overlapped with societal values, e.g. international understanding and cooperation; tolerance; amateurism, and nationalism • the modern era saw an increase in appreciation for elite-level athleticism; elite athletes gained ever-increasing social status and recognition, sometimes to the point of superstardom • at the same time, ordinary citizens began to place an increasing value on performing physical activities for the sake of enjoyment, self-improvement and health benefits

27. equitability • first modern Olympic Games in 1896 did not embrace equity • excluded women, people of colour, and people with disabilities • only able-bodied gentlemen were allowed to compete • today, women have won gains as equal participants in the Games, as have people with a range of disabilities

28. The Olympics • 776 BC - the first recorded Olympics takes place with only one event - the stade race, a sprint of about 600 feet (192.28 metres) • 80 BC - Olympics moved to Rome to after the Greek mainland is added to the Roman Empire • 76 BC - Games moved back to Olympia • 393 AD - the first Christian Emperor bans all Pagan cults, including the Olympics

29. The Olympics • 1896 - the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens, Greece • 1900 - Women first compete in the Games, in tennis and golf • 1904 - Etienne Desmarteau, a Montreal policeman is the first Canadian to win a gold medal • 1912 - Canada sends its first official team to the Olympics in London, England • 1916 - Games cancelled due to WWI

30. The Olympics • 1920 - Ice hockey introduced as a sport • 1924 - Summer and Winter Olympics begin to be held separately • first Olympic Winter Games held in Chamonix, France • 1936 - Torch relay introduced in Munich, torch races were not part of the ancient Olympic festival, although they were part of other Greek athletic gatherings

31. The Olympics • 1940 & 1944 - Games cancelled because of WWII • 1968 - Two Afro-American athletes are sent home from Mexico City Games after giving the "black power" salute in protest of the denial of black civil rights • 1976 - Montreal hosts the games and spends two billion dollars in preparation • 1980 - The United States, Canada and 50 other countries boycott the Moscow Games following the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union

32. The Olympics • 1984 - The Soviet Union boycotts the Olympics in Los Angeles • 1988 - Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson loses his gold medal for the 100-metre race after testing positive for anabolic steroids • 1992 - South Africa permitted to the games for the first time after a 30-year ban. 12 separate teams represent the countries formerly part of the USSR • 1994 - Winter and Summer Olympics begin to be held at two-year intervals to each other

33. Europeans • sword fighting, horseback riding • medieval games for Knights and the rich • Renaissance Man • saw physical fitness as an addition to the betterment of mind and body • da Vinci - anatomy studies • 1420 - first childhood PE studies

34. Scotland • Scotland • 1457 - Golf • 1541 - Curling • versions of Ice and field hockey in 1400s

35. Learning goals • We are learning to understand the important role sport and physical activity played in early human society.

36. Your task • Find one Canadian Historical Athlete • Who is it? • What did they do? • Why are they important?