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The Fall of the Russian Empire

The Fall of the Russian Empire. The End of the Romanov Dynasty. Russia Before the Revolution. Absolute Monarchy Serfs (the majority) just freed in 1861 Late to Industrialize New factories were run by the Tsar (state-owned…). The last Monarch. Tsar Nicholas II

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The Fall of the Russian Empire

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  1. The Fall of the Russian Empire The End of the Romanov Dynasty

  2. Russia Before the Revolution • Absolute Monarchy • Serfs (the majority) just freed in 1861 • Late to Industrialize • New factories were run by the Tsar (state-owned…)

  3. The last Monarch • Tsar Nicholas II • Disconnected from his people’s suffering • Trade Imbalance with Europe • Trying to Industrialize • Strikes by low-paid industrialized workers

  4. A Humiliating Defeat- 1905 • Russo-Japanese War Can the Tsar protect us?

  5. The Rise of Opposing Voices… • Anger over defeat and poor living conditions • Zemstvos (Local governments) ineffective & weak • ran roads, health care & education • WHERE’S THE TSAR?????

  6. …Gives way to Communism • Karl Marx • Communist Manifesto • Class War & History • Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat • Ability vs. Need • Russia = Mensheviks Vs. Bolsheviks

  7. The Demise of a Father, 1905 • Bloody Sunday • Fr. Gapon & 200K Peasants ask Tsar for help. • Guards fear revolt & shoot • Fear and Disgust

  8. The People’s Response • Workers Strike • Soviets organized • What’s a Tsar to do? How can he gain control?

  9. The October Manifesto A New Hope? • The Duma • Russian Legislative Body • Represents the People • Disaster Averted?

  10. An Annoying Tsarina • Tsarina Alexandra • German born… an issue in WWI • Holier-than-thou Orthodox convert • Rasputin • Mystical healer of Tsarevich Alexis

  11. The Death of Rasputin • Priest had warned of Tsarist doom if he died • Plot to kill the man who had the Tsarina’s ear… • Nov. 1916… his four deaths ?

  12. Petrograd Riots and March Revolution • March 8, 1917, Food Riots • Army sent in, but backs the people • More Soviets formed • March 17, Nicholas II has to abdicate the throne

  13. The Provisional Government • Who will lead… Petrograd Soviet Vs. the Duma • Alexander Kerensky straddles the two • Should Russia keep fighting in WWI? • Pros and Cons…

  14. A German Gift • Lenin • Angry youth sent to cool off in Siberia & Switz. • Smuggled into Russia in famous “Sealed Train” • Promises “Peace, Bread and Land” Delivering April Thesis

  15. St. Petersburg Joins Lenin • Organizes strikes • Teaches Socialism and rails against the Tsar & Govn’t • Soldiers turn against the state and join Lenin • Nov.6-7, Bolsheviksseize power

  16. Brest-Litovsk • Pulls Russia out of WWI -A steep price in Russian territory.

  17. A Civil War • Royalists want Tsar back • in Power. • -Cossack’s serve the Tsar • as “White” forces • -US aids Tsarist troops • Communists are “Red” • -Resentful of Western aid

  18. The Final Solution • Any challenger to the new Communist state must be dealt with, including the Tsar and his heirs… • July, 1918 at Yekaterinburg

  19. Freedoms disappear… • Felix Dzerzhinsky and the Cheka • silenced and eliminated internal threats • Leon Trotsky organizes the Red Army - 1918

  20. War Communism • Industries nationalized to fight the Whites • Food distribution • Many peasants won’t share equally - HUNGER • Forced to by govn’t • Angry, many Peasants become Whites

  21. Communist Victory • Appeal to Russian Nationalism against Western Supported Whites • Give land to peasants • The Terror • All Whites and supporters “eliminated”

  22. The Creation of the USSR • The Creation of the Soviet Union –1923 • Politburo runs the country • Soviet Premier Lenin is in control

  23. Totalitarian State • Ideology • Sets Society Goals, glorifies State • Dictatorship • Charismatic leader with force of will • State Control • Individual (Loyalty, obedience, no liberties) and Society (business, religion, labor, education • Police Control, Indoctrination, Censorship

  24. Chaos at the Helm • Lenin dies in 1924 • Effect of ’22 stroke • Trotsky (Red Army) vs. Stalin (Gen. Sec. of the Communist party) • Party members all given their jobs by Stalin…

  25. The Purges • Paranoid, Stalin kills off all opponents, real or imagined • The NKVD (Cheka) hunts down enemies • Secret courts, immediate death

  26. The Culture of Terror • Kalamar, the Auschwitz of Far Eastern Russia • Kids encouraged to spy on parents • Officials denounce each other for gain • Forced signed “confessions” • +20 Million die

  27. Life in Stalin’s USSR • All Media controlled to glorify Stalin • Communications monitored • Education remade to glorify Stalin • League of Militant Godless replaced religion • Women were equals

  28. Stalinization • Trotsky exiled 1927, murdered in 1940 • Enemies “disappear” • P. 447 in Accel Book • Forced Modernization of Command Econ. • 5 Year Plans. Meet your goal or else… • Little in consumer goods… life HARD

  29. Collective Agriculture • Peace, Bread and…Communism? • 1928, 25+ million family farms taken and combined into Government run Collectives • Opposition killed • 5-10 MM die in “protest” as more food made

  30. Ruthless Economics • Agriculture Collectivized • Peasants angry over loss of land • Ukrainian Genocide • 5-10 million dead (maybe 20???)

  31. The Effects of the Purges • The Cream of Russia (military, scientists, economists) gone… • Lavrenty Beria, head of NKVD, convinces Stalin to use Labor Camps instead- 1939 • 12 Million die here

  32. Stalin by the late ’30’s • Dictatorship complete • Individual Creativity Punished (threat to Stalin’s control and societal conformity)

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