Chapter 15 Body Systems

1. Chapter 15Body Systems

2. Integumentary System • Includes skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.

3. Skin • Serves a number of vital functions that are critical to your very survival. • There are 6 functions of the skin: • Waterproof • Regulates body temperature • A major sense organ • Body’s 1st line of defense against pathogens • Protects against UV rays • Protects internal organs

4. 3 layers of skin • 1. Epidermis: Outer most layer • Dead cells shed when clothing rubs your skin or when you wash. • 2. Dermis: Inner layer of skin • Made up of connective tissue. • Gives skin its elasticity, or spongy, flexible quality. • 3. Hydodermis: Not part of skin • Attaches skin to bone and muscle

5. Sebaceous(sih-BAY-shuhs) glands: • Structures within the skin that produce an oily secretion called sebum. • Sweat glands: • perspiration

6. Problems with the Skin • Ringworm: a common fungal infection that affects various parts of the body. • Athlete’s Foot: a fungal infection of the skin between the toes. • Boils: an inflamed pus-filled area of the skin. Usually infecting a hair follicle. • Warts: contagious growths on the outer layer of the skin caused by viruses. • Moles: small, round, slightly thickened, brown to dark brown spots on the skin. • Callus: an area of thickened skin that forms as a result of regular of continued friction or pressure.

7. Skeletal System

8. Skeletal System • 5 functions: • 1. Allows movement • 2. Provides a supporting framework • 3. Protects organs • 4. Storage place for essential body minerals • 5. Produce red and white blood cells

9. Terms • Cartilage • Strong flexible material • Provides smooth movement • Ossification • Cartilage forming into a bone • Ligaments • Bone to Bone • Tendon • Bone to Muscle • Joints • Where two bones meet

10. Joints • Hinge: • Move back and forth in one plane (Knee, Elbow) • Ball & Socket: • Allows most movement (Shoulder) • Pivot: • One bone rotates around another (Head on Spine) • Gliding: • Slide over one another (Hand and Foot) • Partially Movable: • Limited movement (Vertebrae) • Immovable: • Fixed, Does NOT move (Skull)

11. Problems with Bones • Osteoporosis • Results from a loss of calcium in the bone. • Scoliosis • Lateral or side to side curvature of the spine. • Fractures • Any type of break in the bone • Simple: Doesn’t stick out of skin • Compound: Broken bone protrudes through skin

12. Muscular System

13. Functions • Moving Bones • Pumping Blood • Moving food through digestive system • Controlling air movement in and out of lungs

15. Types • Voluntary: Skeletal muscles • You control these muscles • Example: Bicep, tricep • Involuntary: Smooth muscles • You do NOT control these muscles • Example: Stomach, intestines, esphagus • Cardiac: • Heart muscle

19. Injuries • Acute – New • Examples: Sprain, strain • Treatment: RICE • Chronic – Old/recurring • Examples: Arthritis, old sprain, strain • Treatment: heat before activity, ice after • Sprains & Strains • 1st degree: Few fibers torn • 2nd degree: ½ - ¾ torn – out for 2 days to 2 weeks • 3rd degree: Complete tear - Surgery

21. RICE • R – Rest • I – Ice • C – Compression • E - Elevation

22. Stages of Ice • Bag: 20 minutes every 2 hours – bag directly on skin • Ice cup: Dixie cup frozen with ice – peel and massage small area • Ice bucket: Bucket full of ice – add water – 20 minutes in the bucket

23. Nervous System

24. The Nervous System • Your nervous system is the body’s communication network and control system.

25. Functions • Homeostasis: Keeping the body and its systems in balance. • Senses: Controls sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. • Consciousness: Makes you aware of the things around you. • Memory: Your ability to remember things. • Emotions: Controls how you deal with things. • Intelligence: Controls your capacity to learn things.

26. Parts of the Nervous System • Divided in 3 divisions. • Central Nervous System • Peripheral Nervous System • Autonomic Nervous System

27. Central Nervous System • Includes: • Brain • Spinal Cord • Functions: • Takes in information • Computes that information • Transmits a response to the body • Example: • Making a decision on something causing movement of a body part.

29. Peripheral Nervous System • Includes: • 12 pair of cranial nerves (head) • 31 pair of spinal nerves (off spinal cord) • Function: • Carries impulses for movement from the brain out to the body parts. • Example: Then carries impulses for sensations from body parts back to the brain.

31. Autonomic Nervous System • Includes: • Sympathetic Nerves: Speeds up organs or prepares them for something. (starts the digestive system) • Para sympathetic Nerves: Shuts the organ down after it has been used. (shuts down the digestive system) • Functions: • Regulates internal organs of the body • Example: • Speeds up heart to beat faster and breathe faster

33. The Brain • The brain is the largest, most complex part of the nervous system. It weighs about 3 pounds and contains almost 100 billion neurons. Your brain helps you: • Receive messages • Think • Remember • Reason • Coordinate your muscle movements • Emotions • Senses

34. Cerebrum • The largest part of the brain. • Divided into 2 identical halves called the cereberal hemispheres. • Right hemisphere: Controls muscular activity and receives sensory input from the left half of the body. • Left hemisphere: Controls the muscular activity and receives sensory input from the right half of the body.

35. 4 lobes • Frontal lobecontrols voluntary movements, motivation, mood, and aggression. • Parietal lobe is involved with a wide variety of sensory information-heat, cold, pain, touch, and body position in space. • Occipital lobe contains the sense of vision. • Temporal lobe contains the senses of hearing and smell, as well as memory, thought, and judgment.

37. Spinal Cord • An extension of the brain that also controls REFLEXES! • Simple reflex: Knee jerk reflex • The impulse does not go all the way to the brain so it saves times and acts as a protective reflex. • You do not learn these – You have them. • Conditioned reflex: Acquired from past experience • Ex. Mouth watering before you eat, nervous at scary music in a movie, phobias from fears • Habits: When an impulse travels the same pathway so much you react without really knowing it. • Conscious: Separates us from others. • Ex. Ability to think and reason, right and wrong, learning to read

38. Digestive System

39. Organs • Mouth • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Small intestine • Large intestine • Liver • Gallbladder • Pancreas

40. Functions • Digestion: Breaks down food into molecules that the body can use. • Mechanical digestion: foods are physically broken apart into smaller pieces. • Chemical digestion: Chemicals produced by your body break large molecules into smaller ones that your body can use. • Absorption: Process by which nutrients pass through the lining of your digestive system into your blood. • Elimination: Materials that are not absorbed are eliminated from the body as waste.

41. Cardiovascular System

42. Functions • Delivering Materials to cells • Removing wastes from cells • Fight disease

43. The Heart • Each side has 2 chambers. • The upper chamber called the atrium. Receives the blood entering the heart. • The lower chamber called the ventricle. Pump the blood out of heart.

44. Blood • Plasma: The liquid component of the blood. • Red blood cells: Cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to all the parts of your body. • White blood cells: Help protect you against diseases and foreign substances. • Platelets: Cell fragments that play an important role in the blood clotting process.

45. Blood Types