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Chapter 19

Chapter 19. Fish. Fish outline. Diversity of species Bony fish Anatomy and Physiology of bony fish Special organs of bony fish Spawning Parental care Cartilaginous fish. Diversity of Species. Fish are cold-blooded, water-dwelling vertebrates with gills and scales.

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Chapter 19

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  1. Chapter 19 Fish

  2. Fish outline • Diversity of species • Bony fish • Anatomy and Physiology of bony fish • Special organs of bony fish • Spawning • Parental care • Cartilaginous fish

  3. Diversity of Species Fish are cold-blooded, water-dwelling vertebrates with gills and scales. There is more variety among fish than all other land and water vertebrates combined!!!

  4. Bony Fish“Osteichthyes” • Skeleton made of partially or wholly bone • The most abundant fish – 95% of all known fish • Goldfish, cod, catfish, bass, salmon, tuna, and many others!

  5. Structure of Bony Fish • Three main body regions: head, trunk, tail • Features of the head nostrils – used for smell for taste, the taste buds are spread over the body of the fish gills – covered by gill coverings known as opercula, which protect the gills.

  6. Structure of Bony Fish • Features of the trunk and tail The largest part of the body is the trunk The most prominent features on the trunk and tail are the fins The fins are called “rayed fins” due to the webbing Most have two sets of paired fins – the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins

  7. Structure of Bony Fish • Most also have vertical fins which are unpaired includes the dorsal fin the anal fin the caudal fin – tail • Skin and Scales most have a tough skin the skin has mucus cells which make the fish slippery the skin has chromatophores which give it color

  8. Skin and Scales • Most bony fish have fairly tough skin • The skin contains mucous cells to make the fish slimy – and gives the fish their “fishy” smell • The mucous serves three purposes: 1. waterproof 2. protection from parasites 3. reduction of friction as it moves in water

  9. Skin and Scales • Many contain Chromatophores – cells that give the fish its color • Many have scales • Scales do not increase in number as the fish grows – the scales simply grow larger • The scales of many fish even have growth rings – which aid in determining the age of a fish

  10. Skeleton • Backbone – contains individual vertebrae of bone or cartilage • Backbone – also has spine-like extension • Cranium – encloses the brain • Pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle – support the fin

  11. Muscles • Has all three of the basic muscle types 1. Skeletal 2. smooth 3. cardiac • Cardiac – heart • Smooth – digestive organs • Skeletal – “fleshy” part of the fish – the part you eat

  12. Muscles • Unlike vertebrates, a fish skeletal muscles are arranged in “W” shaped bands • Myomeres – what the “W” shaped bands are called • Each myomere is controlled by a separate nerve, allowing the fish to move through the water in wavelike motion.

  13. Respiratory System • Fish breathe right in the water • Gills – A fish can extract 80% of the oxygen from water – people only get about 25% • Protecting the gills – They are covered by a wide plate of bone (operculum)

  14. Respiratory System • Fish are continually allowing water to “rake” over their gills as they “inhale” • If the fish is still it uses its mouth • If swimming, the water flows into the mouth and out the gills • Some sharks can only breathe by moving

  15. Circulatory System • The circulatory system is closed, consisting of arteries and veins similar to mammals • Fish have no lungs – as a result the circulatory system is quite simple • The fish has a two chambered heart • Blood flows from the heart to the gills • After oxygen is in the blood from the gills, the blood moves to the body • The blood then returns to the heart to be pumped back to the gills for more oxygen

  16. Digestive and Excretory Systems • The most numerous of all fish are plankton-eaters • The carnivores are less numerous, but have more variety • The carnivores may eat insects to other fish

  17. Digestive and Excretory Systems • From oral cavity to stomach Oral cavity (sometimes with teeth) → pharynx → esophagus → stomach • Digestion – food is mostly digested in the stomach • Digested food then passes through the intestine • Waste exits the anus near the anal fin

  18. Digestive and Excretory Systems • Excretion of liquid waste Freshwater fish are continually taking in extra water and therefore must produce a lot of urine. Saltwater fish are continually losing water and therefore must ingest large quantities

  19. Nervous System Senses of the fish • A typical bony fish has very good eyesight • It has no eyelids • They focus by changing the shape of the eye • Most fish can hear very well

  20. Nervous System • Fish can sense faint vibrations and pressure changes by its “lateral line” • Lateral line – a system of nerve endings that extend over its head and sides • The lateral line allows it avoid obstacles or predators • Fish have excellent sense of smell

  21. Reproductive System • In both sexes, sex cells (eggs and sperm) are released through the urogenital openings. • Most bony fish reproduce by external fertilization – eggs are fertilized outside the body of the female. • When fish are ready to spawn (lay eggs) they may congregate or migrate to the place they were hatched. • The eggs (called roe) are laid in the water by the female . • The male releases “milt” which contains the sperm. • Once fertilized the egg begins to develop into a young fish

  22. Reproductive System • Most fish protect their nest of eggs and then the young fish after they are born. • The young fish (called a “fry”) is large enough to find its own food when hatched. • A female may lay as many as a million eggs, but only a fraction of them survive and hatch and produce fry.

  23. Special Organs • Swim Bladders – a hollow gas-filled chamber located near the top of the bony fish. • It allows the fish to become stationary. • The swim bladder is filled with gases by a special “gas gland”. • Not all fish have a swim bladder.

  24. Special Organs • Light and electricity generating organs. • Many deep sea fish have light organs that enable them to see in the murky depths. • The electric eel can generate electricity and can deliver a discharge of 600 volts.

  25. The Cartilaginous Fish • There are two classes of Cartilaginous fish • Class Chondrichthyes: Sharks, rays, and chimaeras • Class Cyclostomata: Lampreys and hagfish

  26. Class Chondrichthyes • Sharks, rays, and chimaeras • Only 3% of all fish • All have jaws and cartilaginous skeletons. • They are all covered with “tooth-like” scales that make the fish feel as though covered in sandpaper.

  27. Sharks • Sharks lack a swim bladder • They have a complex reproductive system – they give birth to live young. • Due to a lack of swim bladder, sharks must continually move and some never sleep because of this. • Sharks have the best sense of smell of all fish. • Attacks on humans are rare.

  28. Rays • Rays have large flat bodies and whip-like tails • The most dangerous ray is the stingray which is responsible for more injuries to humans than all other fish combined!!! • The largest is the manta rays – a gentle giant – it can grow up to 25 feet!

  29. Chimaeras • Chimaeras – also known as the elephant fish

  30. Lampreys and Hagfish • Lack jaws • Make up less than 1% of all fish.

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