Sermons From Science -- Dec 2014 科学布道 -- 2014 年 12 月

Sermons From Science -- Dec 2014科学布道-- 2014年12月 Sermons from Science is now published in both YouTube under the name “Pastor Chui” and also in PowerPoint slides and corresponding videos in the website http://ChristCenterGospel.org. The contents of this presentation were taken from different sources and in the Internet. May God have all the glory. Pastor Chui http://ChristCenterGospel.org ckchui1@yahoo.com 1/1/2020 1

Water-Powered Car 水动力车 • I have always been interested in innovations in cars. Many years ago, I speculated that if water, HOH, can be linked as H-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-H using a converter and a catalyst, then this molecule will be similar to octane, which is the main ingredient of gasoline. • Later, I found that Honda Research Lab published an article in Science magazine, which described the spectroscopic properties of the –O-O- radical, I knew that Honda has been working on a similar molecule that I proposed. • Sure, Honda has been successful to produce a version of water-powered car recently. I read about it using Google search engine. But, this is not available in the United States of America. 1/1/2020 2

Water-Powered Car 水动力车 • In the Wikipedia, I read that water-powered car violates the second law of thermodynamics. Actually, the water-powered car uses a battery. The battery provides the juice which splits the water molecule to its components, 2H+ and O2-. The hydrogen ions are protons, when combined with electrons, will become hydrogen, which is combustible, giving water vapor. The O2- ion aids combustion, leaving behind ZERO pollution. I think that is what Honda accomplished. • Later, I found that a genius inventor in Ohio has been successful to demonstrate a water-powered car back in 1998. His name is Stanley A. Meyer. His twin brother Stan Meyer published his 222-page patent, which is open to the whole world! 1/1/2020 3

Water-Powered Car 水动力车 • I downloaded the 222-page patent. I also browsed through its content. I was not able to find one error in his calculations. That was why he was able to produce a water-powered car. At that time, the philanthropist Rockefeller funded Meyer’s research. • After he presented his findings to the Defense Department, his funding was abruptly stopped. • Back in 1998, oil was the bone of contention for a war. • The Gulf War was largely to regain the oil access to Kuwait where American companies have spent billions of dollars to develop the oil refineries. • What would you think if suddenly oil is replaced by WATER! 1/1/2020 4

Water-Powered Car 水动力车 1/1/2020 5

Water-Powered Car 水动力车 1/1/2020 6

Water-Powered Car 水动力车 • According to Stanley’s twin brother Stan, Stanley was poisoned in a restaurant. He collapsed in a parking lot. • Only speculations exist. Who poisoned the inventor Stanley? What was the motive? Only God knows. • The water-powered car is locked up in an unknown place. • Stan, the twin brother of the genius inventor, is in hiding, for fear of his life! • When Stanley died, he was 39 years old. I am sure we will see him in Heaven. He was a devout Christian. • Let us pray that the world will wake up and replace gasoline with water! 1/1/2020 7

Gloria Deo 愿荣耀归上帝 1/1/2020 8

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • To follow through the water-powered car, I now delve into air-powered car. The Wikipedia has an excellent article on compressed air car. The compressed air is stored in a tank of 4500 psi. To understand this high pressure, our atmosphere has only 14.7 psi. That means the pressure inside the tank is 306 times that of the atmospheric pressure. From this standpoint alone, the air-car has a safety problem. Not only that, the energy density is smaller than gasoline. The Wikipedia says, “Compressed air has relatively low energy density. Air at 30 MPa (4,500 psi) contains about 50 Wh of energy per liter (and normally weighs 372g per liter). For comparison, a lead–acid battery contains 60-75 Wh/l. A lithium-ion battery contains about 250-620 Wh/l. Gasoline contains about 9,411 Wh per liter.” 1/1/2020 10

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • The Wikipedia also lists the advantages and disadvantages of the compressed air-car. The advantages include the following: • “It uses no gasoline or other bio-carbon based fuel. • “Refueling may be done at home, but filling the tanks to full pressure would require compressors for 250-300 bars, which are not normally available for home standard utilization, considering the danger inherent at these pressure levels. • “Compressed air engines reduce the cost of vehicle production, because there is no need to build a cooling system, spark plugs, starter motor, or mufflers. • “The rate of self-discharge is very low opposed to batteries that deplete their charge slowly over time. Therefore, the vehicle may be left unused for longer periods of time than electric cars. 1/1/2020 11

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “Expansion of the compressed air lowers its temperature; this may be exploited for use as air conditioning. • “Reduction or elimination of hazardous chemicals such as gasoline or battery acids/metals. • “Some mechanical configurations may allow energy recovery during braking by compressing and storing air. • “Sweden’s Lund University reports that buses could see an improvement in fuel efficiency of up to 60 percent using an air-hybrid system. But this only refers to hybrid air concepts (due to recuperation of energy during braking), not compressed air-only vehicles. 1/1/2020 12

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “The principal disadvantages are the additional steps of energy conversion and transmission, because each inherently has loss. For combustion engine cars, the energy is lost when chemical energy in fossil fuels is converted by the engine to mechanical energy. For electric cars, a power plant's electricity (from whatever source) is transmitted to the car's batteries, which then transmits the electricity to the car's motor, which converts it to mechanical energy. For compressed-air cars, the power plant's electricity is transmitted to a compressor, which mechanically compresses the air into the car's tank. The car's engine then converts the compressed air to mechanical energy. 1/1/2020 13

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “When air expands in the engine it cools dramatically and must be heated to ambient temperature using a heat exchanger. The heating is necessary in order to obtain a significant fraction of the theoretical energy output. The heat exchanger can be problematic: while it performs a similar task to an intercooler for an internal combustion engine, the temperature difference between the incoming air and the working gas is smaller. In heating the stored air, the device gets very cold and may ice up in cool, moist climates. 1/1/2020 14

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “This also leads to the necessity of completely dehydrating the compressed air. If any humidity subsists in the compressed air, the engine will stop due to inner icing. Removing the humidity completely requires additional energy that cannot be reused and is lost. (At 10g of water per m3 air -typical value in the summer- you have to take out 900 g of water in 90 m3; with a vaporization enthalpy of 2.26MJ/kg you will need theoretically minimally 0.6 kWh; technically, with cold drying this figure must be multiplied by 3 to 4. Moreover, dehydrating can only be done with professional compressors, so that a home charging will completely be impossible, or at least not at any reasonable cost.) 1/1/2020 15

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “Conversely, when air is compressed to fill the tank, its temperature increases up. If the stored air is not cooled while the tank is being filled, then when the air cools off later, its pressure decreases and the available energy decreases. To mitigate this, the tank may be equipped with an internal heat-exchanger in order to cool the air quickly and efficiently while charging.“Alternatively, a spring may be used to store work from the air as it is inserted in the tank, thus maintaining a low pressure difference between the tank and recharger, which results in a lower temperature raise for the transferred air. 1/1/2020 16

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “Refueling the compressed air container using a home or low-end conventional air compressor may take as long as 4 hours, though specialized equipment at service stations may fill the tanks in only 3 minutes.To store 2.5 kWh @300 bar in 300 liter reservoirs (90 m3 of air @ 1 bar), requires about 30 kWh of compressor energy (with a single-stage adiabatic compressor), or approx. 21 kWh with an industrial standard multistage unit. That means a compressor power of 360 kW is needed to fill the reservoirs in 5 minutes from a single stage unit, or 250 kW for a multistage one.However, intercooling and isothermal compression is far more efficient and more practical than adiabatic compression, if sufficiently large heat exchangers are fitted. Efficiencies of up to 65% might perhaps be achieved, (whereas current efficiency for large industrial compressors is max. 50%) however this is lower than the Coulomb's efficiency with lead acid batteries. 1/1/2020 17

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “The overall efficiency of a vehicle using compressed air energy storage, using the above refueling figures, is around 5-7%.For comparison, well to wheel efficiency of a conventional internal-combustion drivetrain is about 14%. • “Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the tanks; the only published test of a vehicle running on compressed air alone was limited to a range of 7.22 km. • “A 2005 study demonstrated that cars running on lithium-ion batteries out-perform both compressed air and fuel cell vehicles more than threefold at the same speeds.MDI claimed in 2007 that an air car will be able to travel 140 km in urban driving, and have a range of 80 km with a top speed of 110 km/h (68 mph) on highways,when operating on compressed air alone, but in as late as mid-2011, MDI has still not produced any working prototype. 1/1/2020 18

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “A 2009 University of Berkeley Research Letter found that ‘Even under highly optimistic assumptions the compressed-air car is significantly less efficient than a battery electric vehicle and produces more greenhouse gas emissions than a conventional gas-powered car with a coal intensive power mix.’ However, they also suggested, ‘a pneumatic–combustion hybrid is technologically feasible, inexpensive and could eventually compete with hybrid electric vehicles.’” • In spite of the drawbacks, many companies are working on the air car. The Wikipedia lists the following: • “APUQ (Association de Promotion des Usages de la Quasiturbine) has made the APUQ Air Car, a car powered by a Quasiturbine. 1/1/2020 19

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “MDI has proposed a range of vehicles made up of AirPod, OneFlowAir, CityFlowAir, MiniFlowAir and MultiFlowAir.One of the main innovations of this company is its implementation of its "active chamber", which is a compartment which heats the air (through the use of a fuel) in order to double the energy output.This 'innovation' was first used in torpedoes in 1904. • “As of January 2009 Tata Motors of India had planned to launch a car with an MDI compressed air engine in 2011. In December 2009 Tata's vice president of engineering systems confirmed that the limited range and low engine temperatures were causing problems. Tata Motors announced in May 2012 that they have assessed the design passing phase 1, the "proof of the technical concept" towards full production for the Indian market. Tata has moved onto phase 2, "completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications". 1/1/2020 20

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 1/1/2020 21

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “Air Car Factories SA is proposing to develop and build a compressed air engine.This Spanish based company was founded by Miguel Celades. • “The Energine Corporation was a South Korean company that claimed to deliver fully assembled cars running on a hybrid compressed air and electric engine. These cars are more precisely named pneumatic-hybrid electric vehicles. Engineers from this company made, starting from a Daewoo Matiz, a prototype of a hybrid electric/compressed-air engine. The compressed-air engine is used to activate an alternator, which extends the autonomous operating capacity of the car. • “A similar concept using a pneumatic accumulator in a largely hydraulic system has been developed by U.S. government research laboratories and industry. It uses compressed air only for recovery of braking energy, and in 2007 was introduced for certain heavy vehicle applications such as refuse trucks. 1/1/2020 22

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “The "K'Airmobiles" project of Kernelysaimed to produce commercial vehicles in France. The project was started in 2006-2007 by a small group of researchers. They said to be working on 2 types of vehicles; namely "VPA" (Vehicles with Pneumatic Assistance) and "VPP" (Vehicles with Pneumatic Propulsion) vehicles.However, the project has in the end not been able to gather the necessary funds to go commercial. • “People should note that, meantime, the team has recognized the physical impossibility to use on-board stored compressed air due to its poor energy capacity and the thermal losses resulting from the expansion of the gas. • “These days, using the patent pending 'K'Air Fluid Generator', converted to work as a compressed-gas motor, the company has reworked its project in 2010 together with a North American group of investors, now intended for the purpose of developing a green energy power system. 1/1/2020 24

Air-Powered Car 空气动力汽车 • “Engineair is an Australian company which manufactures small industrial vehicles using an air engine of its own design. • “PSA Peugeot Citroën Hybrid Air concept exhibited at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. • “In 2010, Honda presented the Honda Air concept car at the LA Auto Show. • “Peugeot and Citroën have announced that they too are building a car that uses compressed air as an energy source. However, the car they are designing uses a hybrid system which also uses a gasoline engine (which is used for propelling the car over 70 km/h, or when the compressed air tank has been depleted).” • Thank God for the excellent reporting of Wikipedia. May God help all these manufacturers to perfect the air car. 1/1/2020 26

Understanding Chronic Pain 了解慢性疼痛 • The December 2014 issue of Scientific American has an article on chronic pain by neuroscientist Stephani Sutherland. Some of the article is quoted below: • “Pain signals generated by heat or other stimuli travel from nerve endings in the skin or other sites to structures called dorsal root ganglia, near the spinal cord, and then on to the spinal cord and brain. Genetic mutations or damage to nerves can, however, alter the behavior of key molecules along the route, including ion channels, in ways that cause pain to become chronic. Hoping to ease the suffering, researchers are now targeting those critical molecules in a variety of ways. 1/1/2020 32

Understanding Chronic Pain 了解慢性疼痛 • “Hyperactive channels embedded in the membranes of nerve endings that detect painful stimuli are molecules called ion channels that open and close a central pore in response to the stimuli. A channel called TRPV1, for example, detects heat. When it opens, positively charged ions (mainly sodium) rush in, boosting the membrane voltage. In response, voltage-sensitive sodium channels (Navs) open and trigger a pain signal to the spinal cord. Abnormalities in Navs or TRPV1 can cause excessive signaling. Agents under study may decrease channel activity and thus halt the extra signaling. 1/1/2020 33

Understanding Chronic Pain 了解慢性疼痛 1/1/2020 34

Understanding Chronic Pain 了解慢性疼痛 • “Some nerves that detect sensory inputs specialize in transmitting pain; others convey touch. Cross talk between the two pathways is regulated by cells in the spinal cord called interneurons. This regulation is often disrupted in people with chronic pain, who then experience allodynia—pain from an innocuous stimulus such as a gentle touch. Research shows that this condition can arise after a nerve is injured, when immune cells known as microglia release chemical signals that cause spinal cord neurons to lose a molecule essential to normal signaling. Drug developers are working on ways to fix this short circuit and relieve allodynia. 1/1/2020 35

Understanding Chronic Pain 了解慢性疼痛 1/1/2020 36

Understanding Chronic Pain 了解慢性疼痛 • “A variety of factors explain why some people are more vulnerable to chronic pain than others. Take 10 people who suffer the same back injury in a car accident: three of them will have the misfortune to end up with chronic pain as a result. Or take 10 people with diabetes: about half will develop nerve damage, or neuropathy, but the injury will cause ongoing pain in only three of them. What factors make some people vulnerable and others resilient? The question has not yet been fully answered, but research points to three main influences that seem to work in concert: • “Hardwiring: Genes help to determine an individual’s pain sensitivity and tolerance, and some tip the scales toward unusual susceptibility to chronic pain. One of the biggest genetic factors is gender; women are far more likely than men to develop chronic pain over the course of a lifetime. 1/1/2020 37

Understanding Chronic Pain 了解慢性疼痛 • “Experience: Stress, trauma and abuse—both physical and emotional—can raise the risk. Studies suggest that these experiences can cause long-term changes in gene activity, turning genes on or off in ways that affect pain pathways. In addition, the risk for chronic pain rises with age, not just because of wear and tear but probably also because the body’s ability to repair injuries—including nerve damage—declines as we get older. • “Personality: Certain personality traits skew risk. Pessimists, worrywarts and catastrophizers are more likely to suffer. Brain circuitry involved in motivation and reward also seems to influence pain vulnerability.” • This is why the Bible is the best solution to pain: Rejoice always, including pain! Thank God for the excellent reporting of Scientific American. 1/1/2020 38

The Jet Stream is Getting Weird 急流越来越古怪 • The December 2014 issue of Scientific American has an article on climate by meteorologist Jeff Masters. Some of the article is quoted below: • “Severe weather outbreaks have occurred in the past four years when the jet stream has become contorted into extreme positions. • “Extended bouts of outlandish weather have taken place when the jet stream has become stalled in these shapes for long periods. • “Some scientists assert that the leading cause of a weird jet stream is the loss of Arctic sea ice, although other experts disagree. • “Either way a more extreme jet stream will mean greater droughts, floods, heat waves and deep freezes in many parts of the world. 1/1/2020 41

The Jet Stream is Getting Weird 急流越来越古怪 • “Two jets of high-altitude wind blow around the earth in each hemisphere. When bends in the polar jet stream magnified, abnormally warm or cold air can wallop large regions of a continent. The bends can also get stuck that way for weeks, causing droughts, floods, heat waves and deep freezes. Two leading theories can explain the big bends, one driven by climate change and one linked to either climate change or natural variability. • “Because the equator gets more solar energy than the poles, hot air rises there, hits the stratosphere and spreads toward the poles. The earth’s spin deflects the air into three major, interlocking atmospheric circulation cells in each hemisphere. Jet streams arise along the cell boundaries to equalize pressure differences. 1/1/2020 42

The Jet Stream is Getting Weird 急流越来越古怪 • “When mild bends in the polar jet stream become amplified, huge warm-air masses can surge much farther north than usual, and cold-air masses—such as the winter polar vortex– can plunge far to the south. The bends typically progress across the U.S. in three to five days, delivering our daily weather. • “Natural phenomena in the atmosphere can alter the jet stream’s path. Two prime suspects are the El Nino/Southern Oscillation and the Arctic Oscillation. • “The El Nino/Southern Oscillation in tropical atmospheric pressure has two phases: El Nino brings warmer Pacific Ocean water eastward, moving the jet stream south; La Nina brings cooler water, moving the jet north. Recent, large differences in the phases, linked to a wavy jet, may be natural or driven by climate change. 1/1/2020 43

The Jet Stream is Getting Weird 急流越来越古怪 1/1/2020 44

The Jet Stream is Getting Weird 急流越来越古怪 • “The Arctic is warming up two to three times as fast as the midaltitudes. Disappearing sea ice is a major reason: more exposed water absorbs extra solar heat in the summer and reradiates it in winter, raising air temperature in the polar cell faster than the rise in the Ferrell cell. The declining difference between cells makes a negative Arctic Oscillation and wavy jet stream more likely. • “From 1979 to 2012 the minimum area of Arctic sea ice dropped 40%, and autumn winds high over North America slowed 10%. Slower winds are associated with big, problematic bends in the jet stream. • “If the jet stream continues to get more wavy, harsh weather conditions will grow more intense, causing death and destruction. 1/1/2020 46

The Jet Stream is Getting Weird 急流越来越古怪 • “Drought is the greatest threat because it affects the two things we need most to survive: water and food. If a high-amplitude jet stream pattern with eccentric ridges of high pressure were to stay stuck for an entire summer over the grain-producing areas of Russia and the U.S., the precipitation that these crops rely on would not arrive. The resulting droughts could cause huge spikes in food prices, widespread famine and violent unrest. During the great Russian drought and heat wave of 2010, a massive and impenetrable ridge of high pressure settled over the country. That shunted the low-pressure systems that usually bring rain to Russian crops over to Pakistan, causing catastrophic floods there. The drought and heat wave was Russia’s deadliest and most expensive natural disaster in history. It forced the country to cut off wheat exports, which drove up global grain prices and helped to foment the ‘Arab Spring’ unrest that toppled multiple governments in 2011. 1/1/2020 48

The Jet Stream is Getting Weird 急流越来越古怪 • “That is also the year that summertime Arctic sea ice will essentially disappear, according to several leading climate scientists. If Arctic changes are truly to blame for wacky jet stream behavior, losing the remaining 50% of the Arctic sea-ice coverage between now and 2030 will bring even greater antics. If the Arctic is not involved, that is worrisome as well because it means jet stream changes are being triggered by an unknown mechanism, leaving us with no idea how the jet stream will respond as climate change progresses. Thus, my forecast for the next 15 years: expect the unprecedented.” • Thank God for the excellent reporting of the Scientific American. 1/1/2020 49

Sermons From Science -- Dec 2014 科学布道 -- 2014 年 12 月

Sermons From Science -- Dec 2014 科学布道 -- 2014 年 12 月

Presentation Transcript

Science 6 -12

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Proclamation 2014 Update

Inflation targeting in different countries

2014 RTP July 22, 2014

Science and Reality (as of 2014)

BWP 2014

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