Introduction to Nursing

1. Introduction to Nursing Dr. Kareema Ahmed Hussein 2017 -2018

2. Definition terms Definition of Nurse: Is a person who has completed a programmed of basic nursing education and is qualified and authorized in her/ his country to practice nursing. Definition of Nursing: As an art, science and spiritual in the giving of health nursing to help people to be in a good status and prevent illness.

3. Definition of Nursing: is a profession focused on assisting individuals, families, and communities to attain, recover, and maintain optimum health and function from birth to old age. Definition of Nursing care: Involves any number of activities, from carrying out complicated technical procedures to something as seemingly simple as holding a hand

4. Qualification of Nurse: She / he will has a • Mental and physical health. • Well educated. • An integrated personality. • Good power of observation. • Good memory for details. • A calm, clear, pleasant speaking voice. • Normal hearing ability and a willingness to listen. • A sense of discipline and responsibility. • An optimistic attitude toward life and success

5. Historical Perspective/ Beginning of Civilization • Belief that illness is caused by sin and gods’ displeasure • Temples were centers of medical care • Priest as physician • Nurse viewed as slave carrying out many tasks ordered by priests

6. In 16th century • At the beginning of 16th century many western societies changed from having religious orientations to emphasizing warfare, exploration and expansion of knowledge • Focus on religion replaced by focus on warfare • Many monasteries and convents closed • Leading to shortage of nurses( criminals recruited) • Nursing considered disreputable, nurses received low pay and worked long hours in unpleasant conditions

7. Middle of 18th century to 19th century From the middle of 18th century to 19th century social reforms changed the roles of nurses and of women in general During this time that nursing ,began based on many of the beliefs of Florence Nightingale, such as : • Hospital schools organized • Female nurses under control of male hospital administrators and physicians • Male dominance of health care Nursing becomes respected occupation • Modern methods in nursing education founded

8. World War II • Explosion of knowledge in medicine and technology • Efforts to upgrade nursing education • Women more assertive and independent

9. 1950’s to Present • Varied healthcare settings developed • Nursing broadened in all areas • Growth of nursing as a profession

10. Nursing Leaders • Florence Nightingale (1820- 1910), England (Environmental Theory) • Identified personal needs of patient and role of nurse in meeting them • Established Standards for hospital management • Established nursing education and respected occupation for women • Recognized two components of nursing – health and illness

11. Believed nursing is separate and distinct from medicine • Recognized nutrition as important to health • Instituted occupational and recreational therapy for sick people • Stressed the need for continuing education for nurses • Maintained accurate records/beginning of nursing research

12. Nursing in Islam • Rufayda Al Islamiya: she is a first nurse in Islam working nursing • Rufaidah's father was a physician. She learned medical care by working as his assistant. • She was kind and empathetic. • She was a capable leader and organizer, able to mobilize and get others to produce good work. • She had clinical skills that she shared with the other nurses whom she trained and worked with. • She did not confine her nursing to the clinical situation. • She went out to the community and tried to solve the social problems that lead to disease. • She was both a public health nurse and a social worker.

13. Characteristics of Rufayda Al Islamiya: • Kind and empathetic • A capable leader and organizer • Able to mobilize others • Clinical and training skills • Did not confine her nursing to the clinical situation and went out in the community

14. Definition “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” “WHO’s 191 “ Health:Refers to the total well-being of the whole person

15. Definition of Holisticis a term derived from the Greek word holes, meaning "whole." Holistic health views the physical, intellectual, socio-cultural, psychological, and spiritual aspects of a person's life as an integrated whole. These five aspects cannot be separated or isolated; anything that affects one aspect of a person's life also affects the other aspects.

16. The nurse giving holistic nursing care must equally consider all interrelated and interdependent dimensions of the whole person

17. The basic daily human needs of individuals: • Health environment. • Sleep and rest. • Nutrition and fluid. • Elimination. • Personal care and hygiene. • Body activity. • Mental, emotional and spiritual support.

18. Factors that affecting health environment:- • Health housing. • Temperature and humidity of the air. • Ventilation.(air circulation) • Lighting. • Quietness. • Safety masurment of the environmental.

19. The health is measured more globally by: • Morbidity: It is an incidence of ill health • Mortality: It is incidence of death in a population

20. On a personal level, most individuals define health according to: • How I feel ?? • The absence or presence of symptoms of illness • Their ability to carry out activities of daily living Good health is a passive state where in the person is not ill

21. Factors influence one’s personal perception of health. • Each person defines health in terms of his or her own values and beliefs • The family, culture, community, and society in which one lives

22. Health, as defined by each person, integrates all the human dimensions: • The physical aspect • Intellectual aspect • Emotional aspect • Sociocultural aspect • Spiritual aspect • Environmental aspects of the whole person.

23. Definition of Wellness: a term often used interchangeably with health It is an active state of being healthy by living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental, and emotional health. Difference between “wellness” and “good health” : • Good health is a passive state where in the person is not ill • Wellness is a more active state, regardless of one’s level of health

24. The health continuum Is a way to visualize the range of an individual's health, from highest health potential to death.

25. Definition of Disease : is a medical term, meaning that there is a pathologic change in the structure or function of the body or mind. An illness: is the response of the person to a disease It is an abnormal process in which the person’s level of functioning is changed when compared with a previous level. • A disease is traditionally diagnosed and treated by a physician • While nurses focus on the person with an illness

26. Classification of disease and illness by: • Chronic • Acute Definition of Acute illness :Is typically characterized by sever symptoms of relatively short duration , the symptoms often appear abruptly and subside quickly ,some acute illness are serous as appendicitis ,but many acute illness ,such as cold ,subside without medical intervention ,following acute illness most people return to their normal level of wellness.

27. Definition of Chronic illness : is one that lasts for an extended period ,usually 6 moths or longer , and often for the persons life ,chronic illness usually have a slow onset and often have period of remission when the symptoms disappear and exacerbation when the symptoms reappear example of chronic illness arthritis ,heart and lung diseases ……act

28. Causes of Diseases: • Inherited genetic defects • Developmental defects resulting from exposure to virus or chemicals during pregnancy • Biologic agents or toxins • Physical agents: temperature, chemicals, and radiation • Generalized tissue responses to injury or irritation • Physiologic and emotional reactions to stress • Excessive or insufficient production of body secretions (hormones, enzymes…)

29. Nurses provide the care in all types of settings, including: • Homes • Hospitals • Clinics • Long-term care facilities • Institutions The nurse must make every effort to promote health for patients with chronic illness, regardless of the age of the patient or the effects and demands of the illness or the setting

30. Hospital and its divisions Definition of hospital Place where people are treatment for, nursed through, their illness or injuries. Functions of hospitals: Care of the patient (pt.). In service education. Promotion of the level of heath. Scientific researches. Classification of hospitals:  General hospitals. Special hospitals. (Private) e.g. mental, surgical,… 30 30

31. Division of the hospitals • The admitting department. • Medical staff. • Nursing department. a. Director of Nurse. b. Assistant director Nurse. C. Supervision of patients units. d. Head Nurse. • Student Nurse. 4. The clinical department. a Medical worlds. b. Surgical worlds.

32. . The medical therapy facilities. a. Clinical laboratory test. b. X ray department. c. Anesthesia department. d. Electro encephalography department (E.E.G). e. Electro cardiograph department (E.C.G). f. The pharmacy. h. Dental service department. i. Electro-convulsive therapy department. j. The out patient department. k. The medical social service department. l. The medical records department.

33. m. The central supply department. n. The dietary department. o. Engineering service department. p. Laundry department. q. The hospital library departmen

34. Definition of patient: Is an individual who requires assistance to achieve health or peaceful death. Definition of Patient units: Is the place that the patient occupies when he/ she enters the hospital, it include the following:  Bed, mattress, blanket, sheets, table bedside, dish soap, urinal, bed pan, wheal chair, jug, glass.

35. The basic needs of the patient: • Breathe normally. • Eat and drink adequately. • Eliminate body wastes. • Sleep and rest. • Keep the body clean. • Avoid environmental dangers.

36. All decisions about client care must be made in response to the client's needs, not the nurse's needs.

37. Self-Care as a Prerequisite to client care 1- Physical wellness 2-Intellectual wellness 3-Sociocultural wellness 4-Psychological wellness 5-Spiritual wellness

38. Thank You