Unit 3 How To Change Your Point of View

1. Unit 3 How To Change Your Point of View

2. Teaching procedures: • 1.Lead-in activity and background information. • 2. Analysis of Text A • 3. Exercises • 4. Assignments

3. Step 1: Lead-in activity: 1. Have you ever thought about thinking? • 2. How many kinds of thinking do you know?

4. Text-related information: Cincinnati: Cincinnati is the third largest city of Ohio, the United States, and the busy hub of a seven-county metropolitan area in three states. The city is encircled by hills and is a major industrial center.

5. Dr. Edward Jenner (1749-1823): For centuries smallpox was a scourge. The dread disease killed or left weakness and hideous scars. When late in the 18th century Edward Jenner, a young physician, startled the medical profession by claiming that people who had had cowpox would not get smallpox, his theory was scorned. After many years, however, doctors began using Jenner’s method, based upon his theory, of preventing smallpox. He called the method vaccination. By 1979 the disease was declared eradicated.

6. Aristotle (384-322 BC): One of the greatest thinkers of all time was Aristotle, an ancient Greek philosopher. His work in the natural and social sciences greatly influenced virtually every area of modern thinking. One of Aristotle’s most important contributions was defining and classifying the various branches of knowledge. He sorted them into physics, metaphysics, psychology, rhetoric, poetics, and logic, and thus laid the foundation of most of the sciences of today. After his death, Aristotle’s writings were scattered or lost. In the early Middle Ages the only works of his known in Western Europe were parts of his writings on logic. They became the basis of one of the three subjects of the medieval trivium—logic, grammar, and rhetoric. Early in the 13th century other books reached the West. Some came from Constantinople; others were brought by the Arabs to Spain. Medieval scholars translated them into Latin. The known of Aristotle’s writings that have been preserved are Organon (treatises on logic); Rhetoric, Poetics, History of Animals, Metaphysics, De Anima ( on psychology ), Politics, and Constitution of Athens.

7. Sherlock Holmes • Sherlock Holmes is the leading character in Conan Doyle’s detective stories, the marvelous amateur/private detective who always unravels the most baffling mysteries.

8. Key words • framework: • 1)set of principles or ideas used as a basis for one’s judgment, decisions, etc.; • 2)structure giving shape and support. E.g. We always insist we resolve the Question of Iraq in the political ~ of UN. The ~ of this building cannot give us a sense of safety, it’s no longer in good shape.

9. Key words • tactics: a method or process of carrying out a scheme or achieving some end/purpose. E.g. He’s just a man of tactics, esp. in international disputes.

10. Key words • affirm: declare to be true; say firmly. E.g. The minister ~ed the government’s intention to reduce taxes.

11. Key words • vertical: straight up and down; at right angles to a horizontal plane. • e.g. The northern side of the mountain is almost vertical.

12. Key words • flaw: n. a defect; fault; error. E.g. A flaw in the crystal that caused it to shatter.

13. Key words • vain: a. a) having too high an opinion of one’s looks, abilities; b) useless or futile. E.g. He’s quite a vain person with an always scornful look on his face. We have tried a vain attempt to make him change his mind regardless of his determination on this matter.

14. Key words • slack: a. not tight or firm; loose. E.g. The string around the parcel was slack. There’s a banner hanging slack on the branch of the oak tree near the road.

15. Key words • imply: vt. express indirectly; suggest. E.g. His manner of speaking implies that he was not willing to accept the agreement. Silence sometimes implies consent.

16. Key words • significance: importance; meaning. E.g. The significance for college students of doing a part-time job means more than money and experience.

17. Key words • erase: vt. rub/scrub out; remove all traces. E.g. The recording can be erased and the tape used again.

18. Key words • cease: put an end to; stop. E.g. At last they ceased working for lack of capital. Her mother never ceases telling you about her trouble.

19. Difficult Sentences and Structures • changed one’s point of view: change one’s perspective: A point view in this text refers to a way of looking at or considering something rather than to the opinions or attitudes someone has about something.

20. Difficult Sentences and Structures • He had reached an impasse in his thinking: He had got into a difficult situation where he could think of no solution to the problem. Impasse: n. a difficult position or situation from which there is no way out; deadlock. .

21. Difficult Sentences and Structures • From the discovery that…came vaccination and the end of smallpox as scourge in the Western world: Vaccination was invented and smallpox, a disaster in the Western countries, was eliminated as a result of the discovery that…:the sentence is in the inverted order, in which the adverbial prepositional phrase “ from the discovery” occurs at the beginning of the sentence while the subject “ vaccination and the end of smallpox as…” follows the verb predicate “came”. Come from: be the result of.

22. Difficult Sentences and Structures • thus freeing yourself to take in new ideas and develop new ways of looking at things: thus removing old ideas from your mind to absorb new ideas and take up new approaches to problems.

23. Difficult Sentences and Structures • When the going gets tough, the tough get going: as the situation becomes more challenging, the strong people work harder. Going: n. condition of a path of travel or progress. E.g. The going was rough through the mountains. • Tough: a. 1) (of a problem, etc.) difficult; full of hardship; 2) (of a person) able to endure hardship; not easily defeated or injured .

24. Difficult Sentences and Structures • The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on: the important thing is to make major changes in your perspective, to approach the problem sideways, rather than in a direct manner. Sidestep: v. step to one side, esp. to dodge someone or to avoid something; evade (a question, etc.)

25. Difficult Sentences and Structures you are your body’s keeper, and your body is something through which you experience life: you are in full control of your own body, and your life depends on your body.

26. Difficult Sentences and Structures • if you stop to think about it, there’s really something helpless about your body: just consider this: your physical self is really dependent on your mental self.

27. Difficult Sentences and Structures • an Eastern flanking maneuver: a planned and controlled movement of the armed forces round the sides of an enemy army as developed by the Easterners.

28. Difficult Sentences and Structures • Crisis in Western civilization has come to mean danger, period: Westerners perceive crisis in a negative way: it has acquired the meaning of danger, and that’s it.

29. Step 3 Grammar Focus: • The of ( + adj. ) + noun Structure • It is often used as a post-modifier or predicative of a sentence in place of an adj. with the similar meaning ( modified by an adverb) the preposition of in the structure means “ consisting of” or “having” , and the noun denotes a quality like importance, significance, use, value, etc. The noun structure may sound more formal than the adj. e.g. The matter is of great importance. Sitting with your head bent forward might prove to be of some help.

30. Grammar Focus: • Should used with the perfect infinitive • The auxiliary verb should is used with the perfect infinitive in the pattern should (not) have done sth. to talk bout things which, although they were supposed, intended, or expected to happen ( or not to happen ), actually happened ( or did not happen ). E.g. Yesterday should have been the start of the soccer season. The plant’s dead. Maybe I should have given it more water.

31. step 5: Assignments: • 1.Dictation. • 2. Writing .

32. Thank You!