Parts of Speech

1. adverb pronoun adjective verb preposition article noun conjunction Parts of Speech How To Build A Beautiful Sentence by Laura Jensen

2. preposition adjective adverb noun pronoun conjunction verb article Each part of speech is unique! Get to know each one: What is it like? What is it best at? What can’t it do?

3. End here! BeautifulEnglish! Start here! nouns & verbs Part I: Nouns & Verbs

4. Someoneis always doingsomething! Superman, a beautiful woman, the bad guys flying, saving, lifting, shooting, fainting, escaping Verbs Nouns

5. Minimum Requirements for a Sentence? 1 Noun + 1 Verb = 1 Clause And every sentence has atleast one clause. • Timeflies. • My teacheradores grammar. • These studentsare very intelligent. • The babyis sleeping.

6. Meet the Verb! Action! But also non-action… I know what a verb is! Jump! Score! Kick!

7. Some Examples: Action verbs Non-action verbs (also called non-progressive orstative verbs) • Go • Drive • Make • Cook • Work • Study • Be • Know • Like • Seem • Cost • Need Remember: Non-action verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses!

8. Verbs have five forms Learn when to use each form!

9. Other useful things to know about verbs: Tense: past, present, future Agreement: Remember to use that –s form! Auxiliaries are helping verbs: do, be, have, and modals Linking verbs: the “equal sign” verbs Transitive or Intransitive: Does the verb take an object? Voice:active or passive (Is the subject doing the action?) review new

10. Find the verbs in these sentences: How much can you tell me about each of these verbs? Tense? Five forms? Agreement? Helping verbs? Linking? Transitive? • Laura is a teacher. • Laura is teaching ESL042 now. • Laura loves teaching! • Laura is picky. • Laura teaches enthusiastically. • Laura has taught at NSC since 1991. • Does Laura teach other ESL classes? • ESL 042 is taught by other teachers, too. • My students can visit me in my office.

11. Meet the Noun!

12. Other things to know about nouns Proper or Common: Is it a name? Count or Non-count: Can I make it plural? Nouns Do Jobs: They can be subjects, objects, etc.

13. Nouns: Proper or Common? Capitalize them! Common Nouns Proper Nouns: • a university • a community college • a city • my professor • his native country • the zoo • a history class • our family doctor • The University of Washington • North Seattle College • Seattle • Professor Collins • Ethiopia • Woodland Park Zoo • Modern European History 101 • Doctor Zhivago

14. Nouns: Count or Non-count? Don’t add -s Count Non-count: • an apple • three rings • many chairs • my glasses • these cars • [a piece of] fruit • some jewelry • a lot of furniture • my coffee • this traffic some, enough, a lot of Note: many+ plural count noun much+ non-count noun (neg.) few + plural count noun less + non-count noun

15. Information Homework Advice -s I’ve gotten rather tired of correcting these three nouns…yawn… Three Common Non-Count Nouns Never make them plural!

16. Noun Jobs

17. Noun Jobs: Laura teaches ESL to her amazing students.

18. Noun Jobs: The dogis chasing a child around the garden.

19. Links What about subject complements? Complement—something that completes. Subject complements follow linking verbs. A subject complement completes the idea of the subject: the subject and its complement refer to one person or thing. Laurais a teacher. Laura = teacher Those womenare my classmates. women = classmates The man in the grey suit is his doctor. man = doctor subject complement subject

20. Noun Jobs are different from Parts of Speech! Nouns do Noun Jobs Nounis the name of one part of speech Subject, Object, &Subject Complementare the names of jobsthat nouns can do in a sentence.

21. Part II: Now shake hands with six more! These parts of speech modify: they give more information about other words. These parts of speech relate or connect things to other things: • articles • adjectives • adverbs • prepositions • pronouns • conjunctions

22. Prepositions Prepositions show a relationship between a noun and another part of the sentence. Sometimes, the relationship is spatial.

23. To Learn More about Prepositions: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/prepositions.htm http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/594/01/ Crazy Giant List of Prepositions: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions

24. Pronouns replace other nouns A pronoun is a word that is used to represent a noun. Pronoun means for-a-noun. • Pronouns must agree in number and gender with the nouns they stand for. • The noun that a pronoun replaces is called its antecedent. • Like nouns, pronouns do noun jobs in a sentence: they act as subjects, objects, etc.

25. Pronouns come in lots of yummy flavors: Interrogative Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Personal Pronouns Possessive Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns Relative Pronouns

26. Personal Pronouns Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns • I • You • He, she, it • We • You • They • Me • You • Him, her, it • Us • You • Them Like all nouns, pronouns do jobs in a sentence.

27. Pronoun or Adjective? If it replaces a noun and does a noun job, I call it a pronoun. If it modifies a noun, then I call it an adjective. The comic to the left is full of possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives. Which is which?

28. Adjectives… give us information about nouns & pronouns: The weather is beautiful today. This is an interesting class. I have a sweet little cat. meow Annie

29. Fun Facts about Adjectives: • Adjectives have three degrees of comparison: • the positive—big • the comparative—bigger • the superlative—the biggest • Participles can be used as adjectives: • This is an interesting class, so the students are never bored! • Nouns can also function as adjectives: • The fire alarm rang loudly. • He wrote a newspaper article about his adventure.

30. Adjectives add spice to your writing. Use enough to make your writing interesting—exciting, never bland. Don’t use so many spicy adjectives that you can’t taste the nouns and verbs.

31. Use adjectives to describe Laura’s garden: Colorful Crowded Wild Exotic Abundant Fragrant Overgrown Exuberant

32. Learn More about Adjectives http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/adjectives.htm Note: This site considers articles to be a kind of adjective, but I group articles in a separate part of speech.

33. Articles This is the easiest part of speech to learn!  • A • An • The Articles are a piece of cake! Like adjectives, articles accompany nouns.

34. Use An Before a Vowel Sound • You should bring an umbrella. • He will study at a university. • She wants to find a husband. • She hopes to marry an honest man. • He is an NSC student.

35. Which article should I use?

36. Adverbs Oh no! Not adverbs! I’m afraid it’s true: Adverbs are more complicated than adjectives or articles…

37. …but that’s only because adverbs are so incredibly versatile! Adverbs can modify: verbs adjectives adverbs and even whole sentences! sentences adjectives verbs adverbs

38. Adverbs tell us: why? when? where? how? how often? something happens.

39. Adverbs can do lots of cool stuff. Because I was so hungry, I ate too quickly. The adverb somodifies the adjective hungry. The adverb too modifies the adverb quickly. The adverb quicklymodifies the verb ate.

40. So let’s show adverbs a little respect, please! They really work hard to help us communicate.

41. Conjunctions • Con- = with, together • junct= act of joining } conjunctions let us combine words, phrases, and clauses 1. Laura enjoys teaching, gardening, and cooking. (3 words) 2. She has a husband named Peter andtwo sons named Alex and Carl. (2 phrases) 3. Peter’s father lives near us, but Laura’s father lives in California. (2 clauses) Bonus Question: What is a parallel structure?

42. Coordinating Conjunctions For And Nor But Or Yet So Boys Fan

43. Use conjunctions to combine two clauses into one sentence. Coordinating—Two equal clauses Subordinating—Two unequal clauses Two Independent Clauses One Clause is Dependent

44. Subordinating Conjunctions • After you learn the parts of speech, you will understand English better. • You will understand English better after you learn the parts of speech. • If you yawn in my class, I will have a heart attack. • You should understand nouns and verbs beforeyou try to learn the other parts of speech. • You won’t move up to ESL 051 unlessyour grade in ESL 042 is at least 75%. after althoughasbecausebeforeifsince thoughunlessuntilwhenwhile

45. Analyze this sentence: Maria has studied very hard lately because she wants an excellent grade in her English class.

46. Independent Clause & Dependent Clause S S Maria has studied very hard lately because she noun verb verb adverb adv adv conjunction pron DO Obj/prep wants an excellent grade in her English class. verb article adj noun prep adjadj noun

47. Once You Know How to Use These Building Blocks, You Can Build Anything!