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ANTARCTICA THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

ANTARCTICA THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE AND CLIMATE CHANGE. BY SHARADINDU MUKERJI DIRECTOR ANTARCTICA DIVISION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. WHY DO SOME MEN DESIRE WITH SUCH URGENCY TO DO SUCH THINGS, REGARDLESS OF CONSEQUENCES, VOLUNTARILY, CONSCRIPTED BY NO ONE BUT THEMSELVES NO ONE KNOWS

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ANTARCTICA THE INDIAN PERSPECTIVE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

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  1. ANTARCTICATHE INDIAN PERSPECTIVEANDCLIMATE CHANGE BY SHARADINDU MUKERJI DIRECTOR ANTARCTICA DIVISION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

  2. WHY DO SOME MEN DESIRE WITH SUCH URGENCY TO DO SUCH THINGS, REGARDLESS OF CONSEQUENCES, VOLUNTARILY, CONSCRIPTED BY NO ONE BUT THEMSELVES NO ONE KNOWS - SCOTT

  3. 500 MILLION YEARS AGO THE FAR SEPARATED CONTINENTS OF TODAY WERE ACTUALLY JOINED TOGETHER AROUND 200 MILLION YEARS AGO THEY STARTED BREAKING OFF AND DRIFT AWAY FROM EACH OTHER THE PROCESS IS CONTINUING EVEN TODAY

  4. THE LANDMASS OF ANTARCTICA IS SURROUNDED BY “SOUTHERN OCEAN” WHICH IS ESSENTIALLY A MIXTURE OF WATERS OF INDIAN, PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC OCEANS. THIS IS THE FUNDAMENTAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE TWO POLAR REGIONS OF EARTH. THE NORTH POLAR REGION – ARCTIC – IS AN OCEAN SURROUNDED BY CONTINENTS WHILE SOUTH POLAR REGION – ANTARCTICA – IS A CONTINENT SURROUNDED BY OCEAN.

  5. WHY ANTARCTICA ? • INDIA AND ANTARCTICA ARE LONG SEPARATED NEIGHBOURS • THAT IS A MAJOR REASON WHY WE GO TO ANTARCTICA • ANTARCTICA ALSO PROVIDES THE MOST PRISTINE LOCATION ON THE SURFACE OF PLANET EARTH FOR SCIENTIFIC STUDIES IN THE FIELDS OFEARTH SCIENCE, ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, PHYSICAL SCIENCE, MEDICAL SCIENCE, ETC.

  6. AREAS OF INDIAN ACTIVITY WEDDELL SEA MAITRI LARSEMANN HILLS ADMIRALTY BAY

  7. LOOKING FOR THE LEAD CHANNEL

  8. IN THE POLYNYA Tabular Iceberg POLYNYA IS AN OPEN STRETCH OF WATER BETWEEN PACK ICE AND ICE SHELF

  9. ADELIE PENGUINS WELCOMING US MV THULELAND REACHING FAST ICE - DECEMBER 1985

  10. ICE SHELF FAST ICE

  11. SHIP ALONG THE SHELF EDGE

  12. INDIA BAY

  13. DAKSHIN GANGOTRI STATION AS SEEN IN JANUARY 1986

  14. THE LOUNGE AT DAKSHIN GANGOTRI~ 40 FEET BELOW SURFACE

  15. DAKSHIN GANGOTRI STATION IN 1990

  16. …….and in 2003

  17. Maitri Stn. AERIAL VIEW OF SCHIRMACHER OASIS N Shelf ice Cap ice

  18. A CLOSER LOOK

  19. MAITRI STATION COMPLEX

  20. WOHLTHAT MOUNTAINS PHOTOGRAPHED FROM A DISTANCE OF APPROXIMATELY 100 KM

  21. FIELD WORK IN ORVIN MOUNTAINS JANUARY 1999

  22. A COMPARISON THE TENT USED IN 1983 AND THAT IN 1992

  23. ENVIRONMENT ASPECTS • It is but obvious that with man encroaching into the pristine world of Antarctica, the environment of this nearly pollution free continent is threatened from many angles. • The major threats come from the human waste generated everyday and the waste that is generated by human activity in the permanent stations – in the form of tonnes of garbage every year. • Shipping in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica as well as flying activities over the entire region add to the menace. • BUT THE WORK HAS TO GO ON………THEREFORE,

  24. CARRYING GARBAGE ON SLEDGE FOR DISPOSALDAKSHIN GANGOTRI, WINTER 1986

  25. GARBAGE BURNING IN OPENMAITRI, WINTER 1992

  26. MAITRI STATION, WINTER 2005

  27. THE KLARGESTER ROOM

  28. THE KLARGESTER SYSTEM

  29. THE NEW TOILET MODULE INTRODUCED IN WINTER, 2008

  30. THE NEW TOILET SYSTEM

  31. PRISTINE ANTARCTICA • IT IS VERY VITAL THAT ANYONE WHO IS ASSOCIATED WITH EXPLORATION WORK IN ANTARCTICA RELENTLESSLY STRIVES TO SAFEGUARD THE PRISTINE ENVIRONMENT OF THE CONTINENT. • THE EFFORTS ARE ON IN A CONTINUOUS AND REGULAR MANNER TO SAVE THE TRANQUILITY AND SHEER BEAUTY OF THE LAND…………

  32. FIELD WORK IN THE MOUNTAINS

  33. SKUA FLYING OVER SCHIRMACHER OASIS

  34. TRAPPED AIR BUBBLES IN FROZEN LAKE WATER

  35. FROZEN SEA WAVE AT THE EDGEOF SCHIRMACHER OASIS

  36. AURORA AUSTRALISTHE UNBELIEVABLE EXPERIENCE

  37. THE GLOW BEFORE THE SUNRISE

  38. JUST BEFORE SUNRISEAFTER TWO MONTHS’ DARKNESS

  39. FIRST SUNRISE FOR A FEWSECONDS ON 23 JULY 1992

  40. WEDDELL SEALS ON FAST ICEDECEMBER, 1986

  41. CLIMATECHANGE THE CLIMATE CHANGE IN SCHIRMACHER OASIS AREA IS REFLECTED IN THE RECESSION OF DAKSHIN GANGOTRI GLACIER

  42. RECESSION OF DAKSHIN GANGOTRI GLACIER AT AN APPROXIMATE RATE OF 0.7M PER YEAR 2001 2003 2006 2001 OBS.POINT

  43. GPR WORK OVER FROZEN LAKE

  44. INDIGENOUSLY DEVELOPED SYSTEM FOR SEDIMENT CORING

  45. DRILLING FOR ICE CORES

  46. Ice Coring & Drilling Conclusions of IND-1 Core: • The mean annual rate of accumulation calculated to ~19 cm per annum in the last 200 years • The mean annual surface temp (MASAT) shows that the beginning of the 19th Century was colder by ~20 C than the present temperatures • Volcanic mega-eruption of 1815 AD (‘Tambora’) has been detected as a clear marker horizon • The nuclear pulse of 1940-1980 AD is yet to be detected in samples from this area

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