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Nonlethal Options

Selection and Employment. Nonlethal Options. Sid Heal, Senior Instructor. The ACLU has pointed out that pepper spray is another common element in custody deaths, though only one death has ever been directly attributed to it.

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Nonlethal Options

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  1. Selection and Employment Nonlethal Options Sid Heal, Senior Instructor

  2. The ACLU has pointed out that pepper spray is another common element in custody deaths, though only one death has ever been directly attributed to it. According to the ACLU/SC, roughly one person dies for every 600 times pepper spray is used. Man dies after cops use pepper spray to halt him Seattle police are ignoring FBI safety warnings.Now Michael Ealy is dead. Will new science change local policy? The truth is not enough!It is only importantif you believe it! ACLU links deaths to use of "OC" Death by pepper spray? Pepper Spray Update: More Fatalities, More Questions, June 1995. Original research establishes that pepper spray can be fatal, and ACLU makes recommendations to avoid further tragedies. Since pepper spray was introduced into thepolice arsenal in the early 1990s,its use hasbeen surrounded with controversy, particularly over the circumstances in which it can be potentially lethal. Suspect’s death after pepper spray stirs inquiry The ACLU says 37 people have died in Californiaafter being hit with pepper spray since January 1993. Instead, at least 100 people have died nationwide after being pepper sprayed by police officers.

  3. Five Functions ofNonlethal Weapons • Anti-Personnel • Most versatile • Anti-Mobility • Arguably—most sought after • Area Denial • Anti-Materiel • Anti-Infrastructure • Most strategic oriented 12

  4. Types of Nonlethal Dosage FactorEnvironmental Effects • Chemical Agents • CN, CS, OC (Pepper Spray)(Malodorants, Calmatives) Sweet Spot • Impact Munitions • Batons, “Bean Bags,” Pellets, Fin-Stabilized, etc. • Most Diverse Single Subjects • Hybrid • Encapsulated, Ring Air-Foil • Pepper Dust, Dyes, etc. Limited Range • Electrical • Tasers • “Shock Belts” 11

  5. Types of Nonlethal Deployment • Mechanical Devices • Capture Nets, Portable VehicleArresting Barrier, Sticky Foam, etc Emerging &Limited Use • Biological Systems • Pheromones, Dogs, Snakes,Bees, Hornets, Mosquitoes, etc. • Directed Energy • Laser Dazzler • Active Denial System • Long Range Acoustical Device • Magnetic Acoustical Device Emerging 10

  6. Tear Gas (CN) 1912 “Kneeknockers” circa 1960s? Flashbangs 1976 Pepper Spray (OC) 1987 “Beanbags” 1994 M-26 TASER 1999 1300 1600 1700 1900 1400 1500 1800 2000 Battleof Crecy(1320) Flintlock(1612) Matchlock(Circa 1450 Percussion Cap (1842)Minie Ball (1852) Cartridge Cases (1857) .45 Long Colt Revolver (1873) Machine Gun (1885) Historical Time Line 9

  7. Blunderbuss Age Every single device is encumbered with major shortcomings • Range, effectiveness, decontamination, cross-contamination, repeatability, accuracy, environmental concerns, etc. • Use the advantages of one to offset the shortcomings of another • Exploit success. Don’t reinforce failure! 8

  8. Force Spectrum • Two philosophical underpinnings • The amount of injury to the suspect • The amount of defiance by the suspect • Depending on your philosophy, the same option can be justifiably placed in dramatically different positions in the force spectrum 7

  9. Categorizing the Continuum • Nonlethal vs. Lethal • Most historical division • Compliance vs. Defiance • Most fundamental division • Threats vs. Force • A credible threat of lethal force is a nonlethal option • Passive vs. Active Options • Passive options do not require an intervention decision— they engage an adversary on their own volition 6

  10. Perceptions and Misconceptions • “Nonlethal” (Less-Lethal, Less-than-Lethal) and “harmless” are synonyms • Nonlethal weapons are incapacitating • Nonlethal Options are a substitute for Lethal Options • A dramatically improved nonlethal option will not have a dramatic effect on lethal force rates • Lethal Force is 100% effective—Less Lethal Force should also be 5

  11. Risk Assessment • Firearms—chance of surviving 3 in 4 • Failure rate 75% • TASER—chance of dying about 1 in 3,900(worst case & unchallenged assumptions) • Failure rate 3/100s of 1% (N=~2,000,000 or .0003) • Chances of dying (National Safety Council) • Dying from being shot—1 in 197 • Dying from a fall—1 in 217 • Heart attack in the next year—1 in 400 • Reduce risk by diminishing 544 • Probability — Responsibility of Developer! • Exposure —Responsibility of Law Enforcement! 4

  12. Public Expectations PhaserStar Trek September 1966 • Highly Portable • Discriminating • Instantaneous Effects • Reusable • Environmentally Benign • 100% Effective (Defeats the abilitynot just will to resist) • 100% Reversible • 100% Safe 3

  13. Measuring Effectiveness PermanentlyDisabling Effective Lethal % of Population Amount of Force “Swett Curve” All less lethal options are debilitating, not incapacitating! 2

  14. Impact Munitions % of Population Amount of Force Because pain is subjective the threshold for adequate force is illusory 1

  15. If the only tool you have is a hammer; you have to think of every problem as a nail. Abraham Maslow Sid Heal909-732-8325 H9692@Verizon.net

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