CCNA Certification Preparation Session 2 of 4 April, 2012

1. CCNA Certification PreparationSession 2 of 4April, 2012 Jaskaran Kalsi & Bogdan Doinea Assoc. Technical Managers Europe/CEE/RCIS Cisco Networking Academy

2. Agenda Exam Overview & Options Routing Wireless Spanning Tree Summary

3. Objectives

4. What is the CCNA Cert Prep Training? • 4 online sessions conducted by Europe & Russia/CIS Technical Advocacy Team. • Free - with no limitation upon seats! • NOT a boot camp for CCNA certification. • NOT a replacement for Instructor Training. • Does not guarantee you will pass your CCNA certification.

5. What is the CCNA Cert Prep Training? • To provide an understanding of what formats and question types you should be expecting. • To provide you the first hand experience of the challenges you and your students may go through in preparing for CCNA Certification. • To help you gain the experience that you can use to help mentor your students for CCNA certification preparation. • We strongly recommend you to attempt the CCNA Certification exam within the next 30 days.

6. Static & Dynamic Routing

7. What is Routing? • Process of selecting paths in a network. • Routing is performed in many kinds of networks: • Telephone Network.. • Electronic Data Networks (Internet). • Transportation Network. • Routing directs packet forwarding: • Based upon logically addressed packets from Source to Destination. • Typically, packets flow various devices: • Routers ; Bridges ; Switches. • Gateways& Firewalls.

8. A Routers Traffic Forwarding Process • A packet arrives at the router: • Contains a Destination IP Address & Subnet Mask. • Uses the Subnet Mask to determine the packets network bits and destination network. • The router references its routing table to find an entry with a matching destination network. • The matching route in the table identifies the network interface associated with the destination network, so the router forwards the packet out that interface to the next hop. • If there are no routes with matching destination networks, the router forwards the packet to a manually configured route.

9. Static Routing • Feasible in small networks; however they are not adaptive!!! • Routes through a network are fixed (static). • Usually entered manually into the router. • Disadvantages include: • Network is not fault tolerant • Any network change, the route fails! • Traffic can not automatically be re-routed • Manual reconfiguration • Advantages include: • Stub Networks • Default routes

10. Static Routing:Defining a Remote Network Address Remote networks Local networks • We need to configure R1 with a static route to the ‘Remote Network’. • Idea is to tell the router about all remote networks… • ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2 (next hop IP) • or • ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 s0/0/0 (local interface)

11. Static Routing:Defining a Default Route to a Remote Network Remote networks Local networks • We need to configure R1 with a static route to the ‘Remote Network’ • Idea is to tell the router about all remote networks… • ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.2 (next hop IP) • or • ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/0 (local interface)

12. Dynamic Routing • Perform same function as Static Routes. • More robust • Routing tables change as possible routes change. • Routing protocols do not change ‘how’ routing is done • They just allow for automatic altering of the routing table • There are two classification of protocols: • IGP- Interior Gateway Protocol. Each system on the internet can choose its own routing protocol. • EGP- Exterior Gateway Protocol. Used between router of different systems. There are two of these: • EGP - Exterior Gateway Protocol • BGP - Border Gateway Protocol

13. Dynamic Routing Remote networks Local networks • We need to configure R1. • Idea is to tell the router which of it’s own local networks should be routed. • This should be done for all routers and all their corresponding local networks. • We are not concerned about remote networks anymore: • R1(config)#router rip • R1(config-router)#network 192.168.1.0 • R1(config-router)#network 172.16.1.0

14. Routing Information Protocol (RIP) • Distance Vector - used on small & medium-sized network. • RIP exchanges complete copies of their routing table with neighbours and allow a maximum hop count of only 15 routes. • The periodic exchange of routing tables (every 30 seconds) can increase network traffic. • RIP uses hop count to determine the best path across a network. • RIP version 2 is preferred over RIP version 1.

15. EIGRP • Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol: • Posses features beyond the capabilities of RIP • Cisco proprietary • EIGRP has a maximum hop count of 224. • Five possible factors in the EIGRP metric are: • Bandwidth • Delay • Load • Reliability • Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) • Uses DUAL to calculate best path.

16. OSPF • Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). • Non-proprietary interior routing protocol. • OSPF is a link-state routing protocol. • Sends Link State Advertisement (LSA) routing updates when a change occurs. • Support VLSM & CIDR. • Uses SPF Algorithm to calculate low-cost route.

17. Using EIGRP & OSPF EIGRP and OSPF can normally identify and work with classless addressing. EIGRPConfiguration for RTRA: RTRA(config)#router eigrp 1 RTRA(config-router)#network 172.16.5.0 (wildcard mask is optional) RTRA(config-router)# network 10.10.10.0 (wildcard mask is optional) OSPFConfiguration for RTRA: RTRA(config)#router ospf 1 RTRA(config-router)#network 172.16.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 RTRA(config-router)#network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.3 area 0

18. Administrative Distance & Metrics Administrative Distance Metric • Remember these numbers to identify routing protocols by Administrative Distance -

19. Useful Diagnostic Commands • show ip interface brief • Used when you want to see your interfaces quantity, numbers, states, IP addresses. • show ip route • Used when you want to see which routes are known for your router. • show ip protocols • Used to see what routing protocols are ‘up’ and their details • debug ip <protocol> • Used to see what processes are going inside the routing protocol. • Do not go to exam until you know how to use these commands!

20. Expected Questions • Which two statements describe the below command? (Choose two) • iproute 192.168.7.24 255.255.255.248 192.168.7.9 • A packet that is destined for host 192.168.7.30 will be forwarded to address 192.168.7.9. • The address 192.168.7.9 is the destination network for this route. • The address 192.168.7.24 is the next-hop router in this command. • This command is issued from the interface configuration mode. • This command is used to define a static route.

21. Expected Questions • Configure RIP protocol for this network. • Connect to all routers. • Check/fix all interfaces. • Enable routing and advertise networks. • Using “show” commands check that everything is working fine.

22. Expected Questions • A router has learned about network 172.16.1.0 from four different sources. Which route will be used to reach this network? • D 172.16.1.0/24 [90/2195456] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:09, Serial0/0/0 • O 172.16.1.0/24 [110/1012] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:22, Serial0/0/0 • R 172.16.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:17, Serial0/0/0 • I 172.16.1.0/24 [100/1192] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:09, Serial0/0/0 Example 1 Or • O 172.16.1.0/24 [110/1022] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:22, Serial0/0/0 • O 172.16.1.0/24 [110/1012] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:22, Serial0/0/0 • R 172.16.1.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:17, Serial0/0/0 • R 172.16.1.0/24 [120/5] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:17, Serial0/0/0 Example 2

23. Wireless Technologies

24. Wireless Media • Use Electromagnetic Waves for data transmission. • Benefits include: • Increased mobility. • Flexibility to expand a network beyond cable limitations. • Use unlicensed region of the RFSpectrum. • Disadvantages include: • Interference. • Security. • Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) Alliance test wireless devices

25. IEEE 802.11 WLAN Standards

26. Wireless Network Components

27. SSID & Wireless LAN Modes • Service Set Identifies (SSID) • 32 character, case sensitive, alphanumeric string. • Only devices with the same SSID can communicate. • WLANs can be up in two modes: • Ad-hoc mode. • Infrastructure mode.

28. Common Terminology

29. Wireless Design

30. Wireless Security Techniques

31. Expected Questions • What is the purpose of WEP? • It encrypts data. • It uniquely identifies a wireless network. • It coordinates and accepts transmissions from wireless hosts. • It provides information about a directly connected Cisco network device. • A company has an 802.11b wireless access point installed. Which type of wireless NIC is a valid standards-based one but will not work in this environment? • 802.11a • 802.11b • 802.11g • 802.11n

32. Expected Questions

33. Spanning Tree

34. Switched Networks • Within switched networks: • Include redundant Ethernet segment. • Catering for switch failure, damaged cables, unplugged cable. • Redundancy = problems • Ethernet frames do not have a TTL. • Frames could start to loop. • Network congestion. • Use Spanning Tree Protocol: • Allows redundant links to be used. • Prevents frames from looping.

35. Spanning Tree Protocol • Link Layer Network Protocol. • Ensures a loop-free topology. • OSI Layer 2. • STP defined in IEEE Standard 802.1D: • Creates a spanning tree within a mesh network • Disables links that are not part of the tree • Leaving a single active path between two nodes

36. The Spanning Tree Algorithm

37. The Spanning Tree Algorithm Port States: • Root Ports • Designated Ports • Non-designated Ports

38. Expected Questions • What creates a loop-free path through a switch network? • hold-down timers • poison reverse • Spanning Tree Protocol • Time to Live • Split Horizon Protocol • Routing Information Protocol

39. Expected Questions • Which switch will be elected as the root bridge and which switch will place a port in blocking mode? (Choose two) • SW1will become the root bridge • SW2will become the root bridge • SW2will get a port blocked • SW4will get a port blocked • SW3will become the root bridge • SW4will become the root bridge

40. Summary

41. Summary • In today’s session, we have covered: • Routing • Static and Dynamic Routing • Routing Protocols • RIP, EIGRP, OSPF • Configuration • Wireless • Standards & Security • Spanning Tree Concept • Spanning Tree Algorithm • BPDU • Post States • Remember - recommended reading: • CCNA/ICND 2 Official Exam Certification Guide