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BUILDING FROM THE BASICS

BUILDING FROM THE BASICS. GROUP B GROUP MEMBERS:ABIRA IMRAN HIRA ISHAQUE MARYAM YOUNUS SADIA QAYYUM SANA SHAKIL. ABIRA IMRAN. TOPICS THAT I WILL PRESENT ARE: INTRODUTION OF TO OUR TOPIC. HISTOGRAM. INTRODUCTION:. BUILDING FROM BASICS. QUALITY ?.

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BUILDING FROM THE BASICS

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  1. BUILDING FROM THE BASICS GROUP B GROUP MEMBERS:ABIRA IMRAN HIRA ISHAQUE MARYAM YOUNUS SADIA QAYYUM SANA SHAKIL

  2. ABIRA IMRAN TOPICS THAT I WILL PRESENT ARE: • INTRODUTION OF TO OUR TOPIC. • HISTOGRAM.

  3. INTRODUCTION: BUILDING FROM BASICS

  4. QUALITY ? Quality is a consumer decision factors in the selection among competing product s and services. “Quality is relating to one and more desirable characteristics that a product or service should posses.” “Quality means conformance to valid customer requirements.” QUALITY IS THE WAY OF LIFE

  5. QUALITY CONTROL? Quality Control is about : • How to make things better. • Uncovering a problem and finding the solutions. • Improve the product quality and reduce process variability. • Identifies specifications to which the product or service must conform in order to be of value to the consumer.

  6. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT: Total quality management focus on: • Customer driven quality standards. • Managerial leadership. • Continuous improvement. • Process design

  7. CATEGORIES OF TQM: • Descriptive statistics. • Acceptance sampling. • Statistical process control.

  8. HISTORY OF SPC: Kaoru Ishikawa. • He is from university of Tokyo. • Known for “Democratizing Statistics”.

  9. STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC): • DEFINITION: “Statistical process control (SPC) is the application of statistical techniques to determine whether the output of a process conforms to the product or service design. “

  10. WHAT SPC SEEKS TO?? SPC seeks to maximize profit by: • Improving product quality. • Increasing productivity. • Reducing waste. • Reducing defects. • Improving customer value.

  11. STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL TOOLS ARE: • HISTOGRAM. • PARETO ANALYSIS. • CHECK SHEET. • SCATTER PLOT. • CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM. • CONTROL CHARTS. • STRATIFICATION.

  12. HISTOGRAM

  13. HISTORY: • Pearson was a scientist in victorian London. • A.M Guerry published a histogram in 1833. • Karl Pearson first used the histogram in 1891.

  14. DEFINITION: “Histogram is one of a graphical technique to display tabulated frequencies. It illustrates what proportion of cases fall into each of several categories.”

  15. USES OF HISTOGRAM: • Relationship identification. • Factor effect determination. • Outlier detection. • Shows distribution.

  16. WHEN WE USE HISTOGRAM? • To summarize large data sets graphically. • Compare measurement to specification. • Want to see the shape of distribution. • Analyze process according to customer’s requirement. • Analyzing what the output from a supplier’s process look like.

  17. SADIA QAYYUM • CHECK SHEET. • PARETO ANALYSIS

  18. CHECK SHEET Utilizing Check Sheets to Improve Quality

  19. CHECK SHEETS • What is a check sheet? • A basic tool for monitoring quality improvement processes • A simple data collection device • There are two varieties of check sheets • Tabular • Schematic

  20. COMMON TYPES, • Cause Check Sheets • Used to keep track of how often a problem happens or records the cause to a certain problem. • Classification Check Sheets • Used to keep track of the frequency of major classifications involving the delivery of products or services

  21. Check Sheet - Example 1. Identify Objective 2. Decide time period 6. Interpret results 3. Design Check Sheets 5. Collect the data 4. Test Data

  22. BENEFITS: • Efficiency/Speed • Systematic and Organized • Ease of use/Simplicity • Can be used in conjunction with other charts and diagrams for a more in depth analysis

  23. CHECK SHEET EXAMPLE The figure below shows a check sheet used to collect data on telephone interruptions. The tick marks were added as data was collected over several weeks.

  24. PARETO ANALYSIS

  25. HİSTORY OF PARETO ANALYSİS • The Pareto effect is named after Vilfredo Pareto, an economist and sociologist who lived from 1848 to 1923.

  26. This technique helps to identify the top 20% of causes that needs to be addressed to resolve the 80% of the problems.

  27. WHAT IS IT FOR? WHERE COULD WE USE IT? 80/20 • selecting problems, causes or solutions. • visibly demonstrate priorities. • method of comparing and sorting. • ’80/20 Rule’ to select the ‘vital few’

  28. THE PARETO CHART A Pareto chart is a graphical representation that displays data in order of priority.

  29. HOW DO WE USE IT? Identify items to compare. • Plan the measurement • Plot the chart. • Select the focus. • Take actions. • Plot the chart

  30. EXPECTED BENEFITS: Pareto Analysis helps you focus on the most important actions and thus leads to the best solutions and the optimum return from your efforts and investments.

  31. SANA SHAKIL • SCATTER PLOT. • CAUSE AND EFFCT DIAGRAM.

  32. SCATTER DIAGRAMGRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF THE DATA TO IDENTIFY PATTERNS OR RELATIONSHIP

  33. INTRODUCTION: • Sometimes two separate things appear to change together and there may be suspicion that they are related somehow. • The Scatter Diagram visually shows how well correlated they are. • The Japanese guru Kaoru Ishikawa included Scatter Diagrams as one of his 7 basic tools.

  34. DEFINITION: “A scatter plot or scatter graph is a type of mathematical diagram using Cartesian coordinates to display values for two variables for a set of data”.

  35. BENEFITS: • One advantage of the scatter plot is that a number of measurement strategies can be used including frequency counts, duration, or latency recording.   • Another way to record the data is to indicate low rates of occurrence with one symbol and higher rates of responding with a different code. • The exact number of behaviors can also be written into the cells to provide more detailed information

  36. WHEN WE USE SCATTER PLOTS? • Use it to provide an input to cause and effect analysis. • Identify the purpose. • Determine the two factors to compare.

  37. GRAPH:

  38. GRAPHS SHOWING TYPES OF CORRELATION BETWEEN VARIABLES:

  39. CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM:

  40. INTRODUCTION: • Ishikawa diagrams (also called fishbone diagrams, herringbone diagrams, cause-and-effect diagrams, or Fishikawa) are causal diagramscreated by Kaoru Ishikawa (1968) that show the causes of a specific event. • Common uses of the Ishikawa diagram are product design and quality defect prevention, to identify potential factors causing an overall effect. • Each cause or reason for imperfection is a source of variation.

  41. DEFINITION: “A diagram that shows the causes of an event and is often used in manufacturing and product development to outline the different steps in a process, demonstrate where quality control issues might arise and determine which resources are required at specific times”.

  42. BENEFITS: • Helps determine root causes • Indicates possible causes of variation • Increases process knowledge

  43. WHEN WE USE CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAM? • To identify the possible root causes, the basic reasons, for a specific effect,problem or condition. • To analyze existing problems so that corrective action can be taken.

  44. GRAPH:

  45. HIRA ISHAQUE • CONTROL CHARTS. • STRATIFICATION.

  46. CONTROL CHARTS

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