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My Introduction. Name : Kustanto Address: Perum. Puri Malangjiwan 3. N0. 12. Colomadu Highest education: S2 TE UGM Concentration : Computer Systems Informatics. Final Assessment. Presence = 5% Task = @15% Midterms = 30% Final Exams = 35%. Delay Tolerance Attend College
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My Introduction • Name : Kustanto • Address: Perum. Puri Malangjiwan 3. N0. 12. Colomadu • Highest education: S2 TE UGM • Concentration : Computer Systems Informatics
Final Assessment • Presence = 5% • Task = @15% • Midterms = 30% • Final Exams = 35% Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Delay Tolerance Attend College = 20 Minute • College Syllabus Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Chaper 1.Computer Systems by Kustanto
Input-Process-Output Model (IPO) • Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards • Processing: CPU executes the computer program • Output: monitor, printer, fax machine • Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Main Memory CPU and Main Memory Chip that executes program commands Intel Pentium III Sun Sparc Processor Central Processing Unit Primary storage area for programs and data that are in active use Synonymous with RAM
Hard Disk Floppy Disk Secondary Memory Devices Information is moved between main memory and secondary memory as needed Secondary memory devices provide long-term storage, namely: Central Processing Unit • Hard disks • Floppy disks • ZIP disks • Writable CDs • Tapes Main Memory
Monitor Keyboard Hard Disk Floppy Disk Input / Output Devices I/O devices allow user interaction Central Processing Unit Monitor screen Keyboard Mouse Bar code scanner Light pen Touch screen Main Memory
Architecture Components • Hardware • Processes data by executing instructions • Provides input and output • Software • Instructions executed by the system • Data • Fundamental representation of facts and observations • Communications • Sharing data and processing among different systems Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Hardware Component • Input/Output devices • Storage Devices • CPU • ALU: arithmetic/logic unit • CU: control unit • Interface unit • Memory • Short-term storage for CPU calculations Chapter 1 Computer Systems
9278 9279 9280 9281 9282 9283 9284 9285 9286 Main memory is divided into many memory locations (or cells) Each memory cell has a numeric address, which uniquely identifies it Memory
9278 9279 9280 9281 9282 9283 9284 9285 9286 Each memory cell stores a set number of bits (usually 8 bits, or one byte) 10011010 Large values are stored in consecutive memory locations Storing Information
Typical Personal Computer System Chapter 1 Computer Systems
CPU: Central Processing Unit • ALU: arithmetic/logic unit • Performs arithmetic and Boolean logical calculations • CU: control unit • Controls processing of instructions • Controls movement of data within the CPU • Interface unit • Moves instructions and data between the CPU and other hardware components • Bus: bundle of wires that carry signals and power between different components Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Retrieve an instruction from main memory fetch execute decode Carry out the instruction Determine what the instruction is The Central Processing Unit • A CPU is also called a microprocessor • It continuously follows the fetch-decode-execute cycle:
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The CPU contains: Performs calculations and decisions Arithmetic / Logic Unit Coordinates processing steps Control Unit Small storage areas Registers
The Central Processing Unit • The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock • The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals • The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU • The speed is measured in megahertz (MHz)
Memory • Also known as primary storage, working storage, and RAM(random access memory) • Consists of bits, each of which hold a value of either 0 or 1 (8 bits = 1 byte) • Holds both instructions and data of a computer program (stored program concept) Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Storage Capacity • Every memory device has a storage capacity, indicating the number of bytes it can hold • Capacities are expressed in various units: Unit Symbol Number of Bytes KB 210 = 1024 kilobyte megabyte gigabyte terabyte MB 220 (over 1 million) GB 230 (over 1 billion) TB 240 (over 1 trillion)
Memory • Main memory is volatile - stored information is lost if the electric power is removed • Secondary memory devices are nonvolatile • Main memory and disks are direct access devices - information can be reached directly • The terms direct access and random access are often used interchangeably • A magnetic tape is a sequential access device since its data is arranged in a linear order - you must get by the intervening data in order to access other information
RAM vs. ROM • RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access) • ROM - Read-Only Memory • The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable • ROM could be a set of memory chips, or a separate device, such as a CD ROM • Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access devices! • RAM should probably be called Read-Write Memory ROM RAM
Monitor • The size of a monitor (17") is measured diagonally, like a television screen • Most monitors these days have multimedia capabilities: text, graphics, video, etc. • A monitor has a certain maximum resolution , indicating the number of picture elements, called pixels, that it can display (such as 1280 by 1024) • High resolution (more pixels) produces sharper pictures
Modem • Data transfer devices allow information to be sent and received between computers • Many computers include a modem, which allows information to be moved across a telephone line • A data transfer device has a maximum data transfer rate • A modem, for instance, may have a data transfer rate of 56,000 bits per second (bps)
Networks • A network is two or more computers that are connected so that data and resources can be shared • Most computers are connected to some kind of network • Each computer has its own network address, which uniquely identifies it among the others • A file server is a network computer dedicated to storing programs and data that are shared among network users
A Computer Specification • Consider the following specification for a personal computer: • 600 MHz Pentium III Processor • 256 MB RAM • 16 GB Hard Disk • 24x speed CD ROM Drive • 17” Multimedia Video Display with 1280 x 1024 resolution • 56 KB Modem
Interconnection system computer CPU Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Software Component • Applications • Operating System • API: application program interface • File management • I/O • Kernel • Memory management • Resource scheduling • Program communication • Security • Network Module Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Communications Component • Hardware • Communication channels • Physical connections between computer systems • Examples: wire cable, phone lines, fiber optic cable, infrared light, radio waves • Interface hardware • Handles communication between the computer and the communication channel • Modem or network interface card (NIC) • Software • Network protocols: HTTP, TCP/IP, ATAPI Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Computer Systems All computer systems, consists of the following: • At least one CPU • Memory to hold programs and data • I/O devices • Long-term storage Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Protocols • Common ground rules of communication between computers, I/O devices, and many software programs • Examples • HTTP: between Web servers and Web browsers • TCP/IP: between computers on the Internet and local area networks • ATAPI: between a CPU and CD-ROMs Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Standards • Created to ensure universal compatibility of data formats and protocols • May be created by committee or may become a de facto standard through popular use • Examples: • Computer languages: Java, SQL, C, JavaScript • Display standards: Postscript, MPEG-2, JPEG, GIF • Character set standards: ASCII, Unicode, EBCDIC • Video standards: VGA, XGA, RGB Chapter 1 Computer Systems
Chapter 5 Telecommunications System
Telecommunication model O’Brien 125 • Terminals • office equipment , telephones , ... • Telecommunications processors • modems, multiplexers, front-end processors, ... • Telecommunications channels and media • copper wires, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, satellites, ... • Computers • host computers, network servers, ... • Telecommunications control software • telecommunication monitors, network operating systems, ...
Telecommunication Components O’Brien 126 5 components Telecom Channels and Media Telecommunications software Telecom processors Telecom processors End-user workstation Computers
PC-workstation PC-workstation PC-workstation LAN O’Brien 127 - 128 Databases and Software packages Shared hard disk Network Server Shared printer PC-workstation PC-workstation PC-workstation Port to other networks
WAN - Internetwork LAN’s Mainframe, hosts network in US network in Europe LAN’s Internet network in Australia Cisco corporation network
Client/server network Company A Internet Router Firewall Intranet Firewall Router Company B Intranet Mainframe host system text: O’Brien p 178
Client - Server Clients comm. server server DB. server Print server Clients comm. server DB. server server
The Internetwork-enterprise The Internet Intranets Extranets Enterprise Intranets Intranets Supplier Client Intranets Electronic Commerce Other Organizations text: O’Brien p 180
Media and Channels Medium Transmission speed Metal wire .0012Mbps - 10 Mbps Microwave .256 Mbps - 100Mbps Fiber optics .5Mbps - 1,000Mbps • Signals • analog • digital • Cables • Twisted-pair interference • Coaxial cable 20x more expensive 5.500 simultaneous phone calls • Fiber-optic 1 fiber 30.000 phone calls • Wireless • microwave • satellites • Radio, Infrared, Cellular Radio, Mobile computing • GPS global positioning system text: O’Brien p183 - 186
Communication hardware • Modems 9.600 14.400 28.800 bps • Transmission mode • Simplex 1 circuit , 1 direction • Half-duplex 1 circuit, 2 directions, difficult co-ordination • Full duplex 2 circuits, 2 directions • Transmission accurateness • parity bits forward and backward error correction • Processors • multiplexers frequency, time or statistic time distribution • front-end processors to handle routine communication tasks with peripheral equipment text: O’Brien p 187 - 189
Network Topology • Star • all communications go via the central system • Bus • can easily be extended at the ends • Ring • more secure
Star network O’Brien 147 - 148 With direct connections Point-to-point lines - Efficient , also for high speeds - With a large number of workstations cabling might be a problem
Star network (multiplexed) Access via multiplexed lines eventually rented - local speed up to 2000 char/sec , 1M char/sec very expensive - internationally 1000 char/sec commonly available
Bus network Shared usage of a broadband network Multidrop lines - more complex hardware - simpler cabling system O’Brien 191
Ring Networks O’Brien 147 Ring Network - more equal basis
Public data networks PAD = Packet Assembler and Disassembler Data Network PAD E.g..: DCS 1000 - 6000 char/sec , cost / volume data ( X25 ) Due to high connection cost ($ 30.000 year) usage of PAD
ISDN ISDN ISDN Integrated services Digital network - universal network for telephone and data - > 6000 char/sec
Communication Systems13th lecture Chair of Communication Systems Department of Applied Sciences University of Freiburg 2008 49 | 51
Textbook Overview • Web site: http://www.wiley.com/college/englander • Part 1 (Chapter 1) • Computer system overview • Part 2 (Chapters 2-5) • Number systems and data formats • Part 3 (Chapters 6-12) • Computer architecture and hardware operation • Part 4 (Chapters 13-18) • Software – operating systems, applications, development environments • Part 5 (Supplementary Chapters 1-3) • Digital logic, addressing modes, and communication channel technology Chapter 1 Computer Systems