Chapter 13: The Spread of Civilization - Japan, K orea, Vietnam

1. Chapter 13:The Spread of Civilization - Japan, Korea, Vietnam Ms. Sheets and Professor Hopkins AP World History

2. Japan: The Imperial Age • Japanese rulers want to build a Chinese-style society • Taika, Nara and Heian periods (7th to 9th centuries) • Tremendous borrowing from China • Courts who lost political control to powerful aristocratic families and Buddhist monks • Taika reforms, 646 • Copy Chinese style of rule • Try to develop bureaucracy • Try to establish large peasant based conscript army

3. Crisis at Nara and the Shift to Heian (Kyoto) • Emperor Kammu moves capital from Nara to Heian (Kyoto), 794, try to gain a fresh start • Buddhists forbidden to build monasteries • Abandons Taika reforms • Aristocracy restored to power

4. Failure of Taika Reforms • Failure of import strong state model of Chinese dynasty • Heian Era was courtier’s dream • Both Buddhist monestaries and aristocratic families encouraged this failure • This allows regional warlords/families to establish local control with little resistance

5. Failure of Taika Reforms (cont.) • Japanese geography as well encouraged political decentralization • Weak state model/Emperor puppet • Rise of bushi or local lords and kingdoms • Evolution towards Japanese feudalism • Rise of Samurai culture/Bushido • Declining influence of China and Chinese culture • Aristocratic families like Fujiwara had to rely on alliances with regional warlords • 300 feudal kingdoms run by daimyo

6. Evolution of Japanese Zen Buddhism • A Buddhist current uniquely Japanese • Focuses on simplicity and harmony with nature • Zen Buddhist gardens • Areas for quiet contemplation

7. Ryoan –Ji Garden (Kyoto)

8. Kinkakuji (Golden Pavilion)

9. Court Life in the Heian Era • Heian court culture, extremely refined • Codes of behavior • Aesthetic enjoyment and luxurious delights • Poetry, written on fans or scented paper • Women and men take part in outpouring of literary production • Lady Murasaki, Tale of Genji

10. The Decline of Imperial Power • Fujiwara family • Dominate government and shape policies • Marry into imperial family • Cooperate with Buddhists • Elite cult within Buddhism

11. Rise of the Provincial Warrior Elite • Regional lords (bushi) • Fortress bases on their land • Semi-independent, ruled forts • Samurai begin as loyal to bushi • Warrior class emerges • Martial arts esteemed • Special code stresses family honor and death rather than defeat • Seppuku or hari-kiri • Peasants lose status, freedom, treated as property of local lord • Turn to salvationist Buddhism

12. The Era of Warrior Dominance • Provincial lords’ power grows • Imperial house and aristocracy decline • By 11th/12th c., provincial families dominate, are in control at court (Taira, Minamoto clans) • Declining influence of China as Japanese imperial house weakens • 838, Japanese embassies to Tang China stopped • Gempei Wars in Honshu (main island) • Battle between Taira and Minamoto clans • 1185, Minamoto victorious and control court • Minamoto establish Bakufu, feudal military government/dictatorship • Kamakura, capital  called Kamakura regime

13. The Breakdown of Bakufu Dominance and the Age of the Warlords • Yoritomo, Minamoto shogun (military leader of bakufu) • Assassinates relatives • Death brings succession struggle • Hojo family, alligned with Minamoto, dominate Kamakura regime • Real power rests in Hojo family • Hojo manipulated Minamoto shoguns • Minamoto claimed to rule in the name of Kyoto emperor • Ashikaga Takuaji, a Minamoto, overthrows Kamakura rule in 14th c. • Ashikaga Shogunate established • Collapse of centralized authority • 1467-1477, civil war among Ashikaga factions • 300 small kingdoms, ruled by warlords (daimyo)

14. Violence and Solace • Chivalry of Bushi era deteriorates • Era of barbarism emerges • Military division and social change • Peasant violence • Warfare becomes more brutal • Battles determined more by size and organization of warlord’s forces, than the outcome of samurai combat • Economic and cultural growth • Daimyo support commerce • Increase in trade • Art and Zen Buddhism (simplicity) • Mimic monochrome Chinese style • Screen and scroll paintings • Show natural beauty of Japan

15. Korea • Ruled by indigenous dynasties for most of its history, but most greatly influenced by China • Ancestors from Siberia, Manchuria, begin farming (4th c.) • Tang Alliances and the Conquest of Korea • 109 BCE, Choson kingdom conquered by Han • Koguryo people resist Chinese dominance • Establish independent state in the northern half • Sinification increases after fall of Han (adopt Chinese culture) • Buddhism an important vehicle (artists, monasteries) • Chinese writing, Chinese law code • Three Korean kingdoms: Koguryo, Paekche, Silla

17. Korea, cont. • The Sinification of Korean Elite Culture • Silla capital, Kumsong, copied Tang cities • Buddhism favored over Confucianism • Aristocracy most influenced by Chinese culture • Koryo (same as Koguryo, changes its name) Collapse, Dynastic Renewal • Revolts caused by labor, tax burdens • Weaken Silla, Koryo governments • 1231, Mongol invasion, followed by turmoil • 1392, Yi dynasty founded, lasts until 1910 • Restored aristocratic dominance

18. The Making of Vietnam • Chinese push south to Red River Valley • Viets retain distinctiveness • Qin raid into Vietnam, 220s BCE • Commerce increased • Viets conquer Red River lords • Merge with Mon-Khmer and Tai peoples • Important for formation of Vietnamese as distinct ethnic group • Culture distinct from China • Women generally have higher status in family and in society • Conquest and Sinification • Han expand (dissatisfied with Viet tribute), Vietnam becomes a tributary from 111 BCE, direct control • Chinese culture systematically introduced

20. The Making of Vietnam, cont. • Culture of anti-Chinese resistance develops • Resistance from aristocracy, peasants • Women participate • 39 CE, Revolt of Trung sisters • Winning independence and continuing Chinese influences • Distance from China helps resistance • Independence by 939 until 19th century • Le Dynasty (Vietnamese dynasty, 980-1009), using Chinese-style bureaucracy

21. Museum to the Vietnamese Revolution (Hanoi)

22. Vietnamese Drive to the South • Khmer, Chams (groups who occupy lowland regions) • Viets want this land • Defeated by Viets • From 11th-18th centuries, Viets expand into Mekong delta region • Expansion and Division • Hanoi, far from frontiers • Cultural divisions develop following intermarriage with Chams, Khmers • Nguyen dynasty • Capital at Hue, by late 1500s • Challenge Trinh family in North • Rivalry until 18th century • Leaves Vietnamese oblivious to outside threat: French and Catholic Church

23. Chapter 13 Homework Questions • Compare the role of the elites in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam in the process of Sinification. • How did borrowing from China evolve Japan along their own political and cultural traditions? • How did the Tokugawa warlord family come to power after years of civil war? • How did Korea develop a separate identity after repeated Chinese interventions? • After benefitting from borrowing from the Chinese, how did Vietnam develop their own identity despite intervention from the Han dynasty?