The Great War

1. The Great War WWI

2. I. Causes: • A. Imperialism- European countries quest for larger empires led to competition among nations. • B. Nationalism- Grew because of competition between countries Ex: Britain and Germany

3. C. Militarism-the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war. (standing armies) • D. Alliances-The alliance system leads to war, Russia supported Serbia and Germany supported Austria-Hungary, Britain declares war on Germany….Within one week, almost all of Europe plunged into war.

4. 1. Allied Powers-Britain, France, Russia, Belgium…later joined by Japan and Italy • 2. Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire

5. E. THE SPARK: The assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, by a member of the Serbian Nationalist

6. II. A New Type of Warfare-People Hoped for a Fast War, Killed a Huge Number of People Effectively • A. Total War-countries devoted all their resources toward the war effort • B. New Weapons • 1. Machine gun, artillery, flame throwers • 2. Tanks, airplane, submarine • 3. Chemical/poison gas

7. C. Trench Warfare-horrible living conditions

8. 475 Miles of Trenches, The British used 10 million shovels • Shell shock, no man’s land, charging over top

9. III. Fronts of the War • A. Western Front: 1. Shlieffen Plan- Germany tried to take France quickly and then turned to fight Russia. Instead the battle lines formed in northeastern France and changed little.

10. 2. Battle of Verdun- in the valley of the Somme River. Each side suffered over a half a million casualties and the British gained only five miles of territory.

11. B. Eastern Front 1. The lack of modern technology caused Russia enormous defeats. 2. Treaty is signed with the revolutionary government in Russia-they lost ¼ of their country.

12. C. Balkan Front-Allies abandon attempts to land in Balkans. D. Italian Front-Italians joined the Triple Entente in 1915 and fought Austria- Hungary E. Across the world-imperialism causes trouble

13. IV. Changing Attitudes & The Home Front • A. Many Europeans were patriotic and looked forward to the start of war, soldier’s letters told about the horrors of war (poem Dulce Ed Decorum Est.)

14. B. Civilians on the home front made sacrifices (rationing), governments controlled industries • C. Women worked outside of the home, roles began to change in society (They had more control over money, gained the right to vote, many refused to return home after the war.) • D. No crowds or heroes welcome for soldiers after the war

15. V. War Ends • A. U.S. (who remained neutral until the Germans sunk the Lusitania on May 7, 1915, ) enters war in 1917 because of German submarine warfare (Zimmermann Note p. 755) • Russia/U.S.S.R. withdraws from the war due to the Bolshevik Revolution or Civil War in 1917. Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire were the first Central powers to be defeated, revolts inside Austria-Hungary and Germany helped the war end quickly

16. B. Allies won, although 8.5 million Europeans died, 21 million wounded • C. Map of Europe changed: Austria-Hungary Empire and Ottoman Empire crumbled, new nations of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia

17. Leaders and Countries of WWI • Woodrow Wilson • Georges Clemenceau • David Lloyd George • Tsar Nicholas II/Lenin • Otto von Bismarck/Kaiser Wilhelm II • Vittorio Orlando • United States • France • England • Russia • Germany • Italy • Austria-Hungary • Ottoman Empire • Japan

18. D. Treaty of Versailles 1. Military: Demilitarization of Germany Economic: Harsh reparation payments 2. Germany loses territory (punishing Central powers will lead to bigger problems in the future, i.e. WWII)

19. E. League of Nations-first attempt at a world-wide peace-keeping organization; the U.S. will not join. It will eventually lead to the United Nation. • Fourteen Points-proposed by Woodrow Wilson to achieve lasting peace. It did NOT work!

20. VI. Age of Anxiety: Years Between the Wars 1919-1939 Doubt, Depression, Dictators and Disorder

21. A. DOUBT • 1. Brutality and death of WWI and flu pandemic caused people to question accepted ideas • 2. Questioned reason, progress, and religion • 3. Disillusionment with society as it was

22. Costs of World War I

23. Flu Pandemic of 1918 • 40 million people died world-wide • More U.S. Soldiers died of the flu than in WWI • Flu was so common, children jumped rope to “I had a little bird, its name was Enza, I opened the window and in-flu-enza”

24. B. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN ART • 1. The chaos and confusion after the war was reflected in all areas of art (art, literature, music) • 2. “Modernist” art generally had the following elements: Pessimism Skepticism, Cynicism

25. 3. Expressionism—Kandinsky Composition VIII-1923

26. 4. Cubism-Picasso Guernica (protest of Spanish Civil War)

27. 5. Abstract Art: Mondrian Composition of Red, Yellow, and Blue

28. 6. Surrealism-Dali Persistence of Memory

29. 1. Literature of the time reflected disillusionment, hopelessness, doom, alienation, chaos 2. Books without a plot 3. Stream-of-consciousness (James Joyce) 4. Nonsense sentences (Gertrude Stein) TS Eliot “Hollow Men” We are the hollow men We are the stuffed men Leaning together Headpiece filled with straw Our dried voices, when We whisper together Are quiet and meaningless As wind in dry grass Or rat's feet over broken glass In our dry cellar C. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN LITERATURE (Lost Generation)

30. Examples of Literature • James Joyce: • Better pass boldly into that other world, in the full glory of some passion, than fade and wither dismally with age. • You forget that the kingdom of heaven suffers violence: and the kingdom of heaven is like a woman. • There is no heresy or no philosophy which is so abhorrent to the church as a human being. • Nonsense sentences Gertrude Stein: • A writer should write with his eyes and a painter paint with his ears. • Americans are very friendly and very suspicious, that is what Americans are and that is what always upsets the foreigner, who deals with them, they are so friendly how can they be so suspicious they are so suspicious how can they be so friendly but they just are.

31. D. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN MUSIC • The Music reflected much of the same attitude as the art and literature • Rejected traditional forms • Chaotic Rhythms/unharmonious • Jazz

32. E. “DOUBT” REFLECTED IN SCIENCE • New ideas to help explain the world • Psychology—(Sigmund Freud) looks to the subconscious and dreams • Physics (Albert Einstein) theory of relativity proves old theories incorrect

33. F. Society Becomes More Open • Youth rebellion: flappers, speak easies, etc. • Women : right to vote, work outside home Suffrage Flappers 1920s Gibson Girl Pre-WW I

34. G. Technology Changes Life • After WW I ends, the war’s technological advances are used to improve transportation and communication. • Automobiles, airplanes, radio, movies

35. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION • World wide depression due to global economy and trade • Due in part to WWI Treaty of Versailles (reparations too punitive)

36. F. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION • Economic Causes and Effects: • Inflation—prices rose too high. As more money was printed, it lost it’s value (hyperinflation in Germany) • Overproduction-too many goods produced • Under consumption-less demand • U.S. Stock Market Crash in 1929 • Expanded labor programs

37. F. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION: EFFECTS • Political: • Rise of dictators in Europe • New Deal (US) • Nazis seize power • Communism/fascism rise

38. F. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION: EFFECTS • Social: • Starvation (USSR) • Welfare (US) • Jews blamed (Germany)

39. Responses Around the World • United States: New Deal, banking regulations, govinvolvement,welfare, etc. • Germany: Nazis gain power, expanded labor programs, gov involvement, blame placed on Jews • USSR: stepped up industrialization, gov involvement, consumer goods NOT a priority.

40. ECONOMIC DEPRESSION

41. G. DICTATORS— TOTALITARIAN GOV’T • People looked to strong leaders for answers in political, economic, and social turmoil • Dictators have answers for many who are questioning everything: militarism, nationalism, strong state control and other philosophies

42. By 1939, only Great Britain and Czechoslovakia were democratic

43. Characteristics of Totalitarian Regimes • Incredibly militaristic. • Dictatorship. • Dynamic speakers. • Propaganda. • State control over society (censorship). • Indoctrination. • Industrialization and modernization. • Police terror.

44. DICTATORS: FASCISM • Extreme Nationalism and militarism • Market Economy • One-party rule • More middle-class oriented • Limited Civil Liberties (lack of freedoms) EXAMPLE: Germany (Hitler), Spain (Franco), Italy (Mussolini)

45. DICTATORS: COMMUNISM • International focus “Workers of the World Unite” • Command economy, no private property • One party rule • Appealed to urban workers and peasants • Limited civil liberties EXAMPLE: USSR (Stalin)

46. Europe 1930—Nazi Party Gains power in Germany 1931—Collectivization and “Great Purges” begin in USSR 1933—Hitler Becomes chancellor of Germany 1936—Spanish Civil War (Fascists vs. Royalists) 1936-1939—Germany invades surrounding countries Asia 1931—Japan Invades Manchuria 1932—Japan captures Shanghai 1933—Communist Long March in China 1937—Japan Invades China DISORDER AROUND THE WORLD—Prelude to WWII

47. Citations • America in the 20th Century: World War I: The War in Europe. United Learning. 2002.unitedstreaming. 26 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> • World History: Contemporary History. Discovery Channel School. 2004.unitedstreaming. 26 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> • American History: From the Great War to the Great Depression. Discovery Channel School. 2005.unitedstreaming. 26 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>

48. Citations Continued • Pablo Picasso . Arts4All. 2004.unitedstreaming. 27 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/> • Great Books: Freud's Interpretation of Dreams. Discovery Channel School. 1997.unitedstreaming. 27 March 2008<http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/>