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Unit III - Biochemistry

Unit III - Biochemistry. Chemistry of Life. I. What is everything made of?. a(an) – no/not tom – to cut. Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space Atoms – basic unit of matter; made of… Protons – positive charge Neutrons – no charge Electrons – negative charge.

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Unit III - Biochemistry

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  1. Unit III - Biochemistry Chemistry of Life

  2. I. What is everything made of? a(an) – no/not tom – to cut • Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space • Atoms – basic unit of matter; made of… • Protons – positive charge • Neutrons – no charge • Electrons – negative charge

  3. I. What is everything made of? a(an) – no/not tom – to cut a(an) – no/not tom – to cut iso - equal Isotopes – atoms of same element, but have different # of neutrons (some are heavier, but otherwise behave the same)

  4. I. What is everything made of? Element – substance made up of only one type of atom; (stuff on the periodic table!) sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl)

  5. I. What is everything made of? Compound – two or more atoms chemically joined together Sodium chloride (NaCl; table salt)

  6. I. What is everything made of? REACTANTS  PRODUCTS sodium (Na) + chlorine (Cl)  sodium chloride (table salt) Compounds are made through chemical reactions…new substances are made

  7. I. What is everything made of? • Mixture – two or more compounds physically joined together • Solution – one substance (solute) dissolves in another (solvent) • Suspension – large particles settle at the bottom

  8. I. What is everything made of? • Mixtures are not “new” substances…they are just rearranged physically

  9. Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M (element, compound, or mixture) • 1. oil • 2. wood • 3. water • 4. carbon • 5. starch • 6. shampoo • 7. air • 8. silicon • 9. sugar • 10. cookies • 11. copper

  10. Self-Quiz Label as… E, C, or M (element, compound, or mixture) • 1. oil - C • 2. wood - M • 3. water - C • 4. carbon - E • 5. starch - C • 6. shampoo - M • 7. air - M • 8. silicon - E • 9. sugar - C • 10. cookies - M • 11. copper - E

  11. II. Water • A. Why is Water Important to Organisms? • Bathes cells • In cytoplasm • Needed for chemical reactions • Used for transport • Holds/transfers heat

  12. II. Water B. How does water’s structure relate to its function? 1. Water is polar – slight positive & negative charge on opposite ends of molecule

  13. II. Water hydro- water • 2. water’s charged sides attract to other molecules with charges • These are called hydrogen bonds • Are weaker than ionic/covalent, but they add up! • water’s special traits due to these!

  14. II. Water • Water has many special properties, most of which occur because of the hydrogen bonding • As you go through each of the properties be sure to look for 3 things: • Definition of the property • Why the property happens • Why the property is important to organisms

  15. II. Water 3. special properties: a. surface tension – forms strong layer b. cohesion– water sticks to self well co - together

  16. II. Water 3. special properties: c. adhesion– water sticks to other stuff d. capillarity– water “climbs” up thin tubes

  17. II. Water 3. special properties: e. good solvent– water dissolves many substances ~ water will dissolve things that have charges (polar & ionic compounds)

  18. II. Water 3. special properties: f. high specific heat– - water holds its heat very well - hard to change its temperature

  19. II. Water 3. special properties: g. high heat of vaporization– - when water does change its temperature (higher) it “carries” heat with it

  20. II. Water • 3. special properties: h.ice floats on water - solid H2O takes up more space, so less dense

  21. III. Acids & Bases 1. pH scale: 0-14 2. neutral = pH 7 3. acid = pH < 7 4. base = pH >7 * the closer to 7, the weaker it is

  22. III. Acids & Bases • 5. buffers – keep pH stable • Cells will be harmed if pH too high or low

  23. IV. Organic Compounds mono - one poly - many Organic compounds come from organisms All include very large molecules (polymers) that are built from smaller units called monomers

  24. IV. Organic Compounds hydr – water syn - together • There is a standard way of building polymers out of monomers • To join monomers together, water is removed • Called dehydration synthesis

  25. IV. Organic Compounds hydr – water lys - burst • There is a standard way of breaking polymers apart into their monomers • To break polymers apart, water is added • Called hydrolysis

  26. IV. Organic Compounds A. Carbohydrates • 1. examples • Glucose (sugar) - cell energy • Glycogen– how animals store extra glucose • Starch – how plants store extra glucose • Cellulose – makes up cell walls of plants; dietary fiber • Chitin– makes up cell walls of fungi/insect exoskeletons

  27. IV. Organic Compounds A. Carbohydrates mono- one poly- many sacchar- sugar 2. structure monosaccharide:polysaccharide: (monomer) (polymer)

  28. IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids tri- three glyc- sugar • 1. examples – • Triglycerides– fats, oils, waxes • Steroids- hormones • Phospholipids – make up cell membrane

  29. IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 2. structure – nonpolar (do not like water); monomer is the fatty acid chain fats:steroids:

  30. IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types saturated fats– hold as much H as possible; solid at room temp; animal fats

  31. IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types unsaturated fats– missing H due to multiple bonds; liquid at room temp; plant oils

  32. IV. Organic Compounds B. Lipids 3. types – phospholipids: have polar side & nonpolar side; make up cell membrane

  33. IV. Organic Compounds C. Nucleic Acids 1. examples: DNA, RNA (genetic material) 2. function – hereditary info 3. monomer is the nucleotide:

  34. IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins • 1. examples: numerous! • (major structural unit of body… muscles, skin, tendons, etc.) • 2. functions–structure, enzymes, hormones,…

  35. IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 3. monomer is the amino acid:

  36. IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 3. structure – simple proteins: complex proteins: ex: used to build ex: chemical reactions

  37. IV. Organic Compounds D. Proteins 4. enzyme action – allows rxns to occur faster - every rxn in body has at least 1 enzyme - missing enzyme = defect - high heat and extreme pH will “break” them

  38. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 1. An example of an element would be: A. Ne B. CO2 C. C6H12O6 D. H2O 2. Which of the following is the weakest? A. ionic bonds C. hydrogen bonds B. electrovalent bonds D. covalent bonds

  39. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 3. Most of water’s special properties are due to the fact that it is – A. polar B. neutral C. covalent D. nonpolar 4. Ringed lipids are called - A. triglycerides C. steroids B. phospholipids. D. both B and C.

  40. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 5. When your body has too much glucose, the extra is stored as glycogen. Glucose is a ____, or building block, of many ____. A. monomer…triglycerides B. monomer…carbohydrates C. polymer…proteins D. polymer…nucleic acids

  41. Self-Quiz – Chemistry 6. Unsaturated fats: A. contain all the hydrogen atoms they can hold B. contain only single bonds between carbon atoms C. are usually solids at room temperature D. will kink/bend at double bonds between C atoms

  42. The End

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