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William G. Huitt Educational Psychology Interactive

Operant Conditioning Part I. William G. Huitt Educational Psychology Interactive. Last rev: June 2012. Operant Conditioning. The study of the impact of consequences on voluntary behavior. Major theorists Edward Thorndike John Watson B. F. Skinner.

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William G. Huitt Educational Psychology Interactive

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  1. Operant Conditioning Part I William G. Huitt Educational Psychology Interactive Last rev: June 2012

  2. Operant Conditioning The study of the impact of consequences on voluntary behavior. Major theorists • Edward Thorndike • John Watson • B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov—Russian scientist trained in biology and medicine Studied digestive system in dogs Dominant learning paradigm in USA psychology from the 1930s to the 1950s

  3. Organism (O) Stimulus (S) Response (R) Operant Conditioning Classical conditioning: stimuli elicits involuntary behavior Operant conditioning: stimuli connected to changes in voluntary behavior Organism treated as a “black box.”

  4. Antecedent Stimulus (S) Response (R) Consequence (S) Operant Conditioning Three-term model Antecedent stimulus – signals next response will be followed by a consequence

  5. Antecedent Stimulus (S) Response (R) Consequence (S) Operant Conditioning Three-term model Antecedent stimulus – when organism changes behavior, called discriminative stimulus

  6. Antecedent Stimulus (S) Response (R) Consequence (S) Operant Conditioning Three-term model Response– target overt behavior

  7. Antecedent Stimulus (S) Response (R) Consequence (S) Operant Conditioning Three-term model Consequence -- a stimulus following a target behavior that changes the probability that it occurs again

  8. Operant Conditioning Two types of stimuli that can serve as consequences • Positive (sometimes called pleasant) • Negative (sometimes called aversive) Neutral stimulus -- a stimulus following a target behavior that does not change the probability that it occurs again

  9. Operant Conditioning Two actions can be taken with the stimuli: • They can be ADDED to the learner’s environment • They can be SUBTRACTED from the learner’s environment

  10. Operant Conditioning Two results can be achieved: • Adding or subtracting (removing) the stimulus results in an INCREASE in the probability the behavior occurs again • Adding or subtracting (removing) the stimulus results in a DECREASE in the probability the behavior occurs again

  11. Operant Conditioning Neutral stimulus – If adding or subtracting a stimulus following a target behavior does not change the probability that it occurs again

  12. Operant Conditioning Four major operant conditioning techniques result from • Considering the purpose (increase or decrease a target behavior • Selecting a stimulus (positive/pleasant or negative/aversive • Determine action to be taken (add or subtract)

  13. Operant Conditioning Outcomes of Conditioning Increase Behavior Decrease Behavior

  14. Operant Conditioning Outcomes of Conditioning Increase Behavior Decrease Behavior Stimulus Positive/pleasant Negative/Aversive

  15. Operant Conditioning Outcomes of Conditioning Increase Behavior Decrease Behavior Stimulus Add Positive Reinforcement SubtractResponse Cost Positive/pleasant Subtract Negative Reinforcement Add Punishment Negative/Aversive

  16. Operant Conditioning Outcomes of Conditioning Increase Behavior Decrease Behavior Stimulus Add Positive Reinforcement SubtractResponse Cost Positive/pleasant Subtract Negative Reinforcement Add Punishment Negative/Aversive

  17. Operant Conditioning To learn about using schedules when deciding how to apply operant conditioning

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