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Refugees & Alien Internment in World War II

Refugees & Alien Internment in World War II. HIS 206. Failure to Admit Jewish Refugees. No more than 250,000 refugees from Nazis admitted to U.S. in 1930s-40s Alien Registration Act (1940) required registration & fingerprinting of all aliens

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Refugees & Alien Internment in World War II

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  1. Refugees & Alien Internment in World War II HIS 206

  2. Failure to Admit Jewish Refugees • No more than 250,000 refugees from Nazis admitted to U.S. in 1930s-40s • Alien Registration Act (1940) required registration & fingerprinting of all aliens • Also tightened definition of subversives to include past affiliation • Approx. 5 million aliens registered • INS moved to Justice Dept. • Wilbur Carr & Breckenridge Long in State Dept. used LPC clause to block admission of Jewish refugees • Travel visas renewed indefinitely for 15,000 following Kristallnacht • Quotas unblocked in fall 1940 • FDR invited 32 nations to Evian Conference in 1938, but refused to change or relax immigration laws • St. Louis turned back in 1939 Breckenridge Long The St. Louis in Havana, 1939

  3. The War Refugee Board • War Refugee Board (1944) rescued 200,000 Jews • Worked with foreign gov’ts • Est. refugee camp at Ft. Ontario, Oswego, NY • U.S. military refused to bomb Auschwitz, despite bombing nearby factories Hull, Morgenthau & Stimson, March 21, 1944 Registration at Ft. Ontario

  4. Race War in the Pacific

  5. WWII Propaganda Posters

  6. Internment of Japanese Americans • 300,000 aliens (1/2 Japanese) rounded up in week after Pearl Harbor • FDR issued Executive Order 9066 Feb. 19, 1942 • 120,000 (2/3 U.S. citizens) • West coast, but not Hawaii • War Relocation Authority ran internment camps • Upheld by Supreme Court in Korematsu v. U.S.(1944) • Nisei 442nd Regiment one of the most highly decorated units in WW II

  7. Challenging Internment • Hirabayashi v. U.S. (1943) • Hirabayashi was U. of Washington student • Supreme Court unanimously upheld curfew as reasonable wartime measure • Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) • Korematsu was U.S.-born welder • Court upheld internment 6-3 • Roberts, Murphy & Jackson dissented: • guilt must be individual, not collective • no imminent threat existed • Case reopened in 1983 & conviction overturned • Historian Peter Irons discovered gov’t has suppressed its own finding that Japanese Americans weren’t threat • Pres. Clinton awarded him Medal of Freedom in 1998 Gordon Hirabayashi Fred T. Korematsu

  8. Tule Lake Internment Camp

  9. Going to School at Tule Lake

  10. German & Italian Internment • 11,000 German & German Americans interned • 4,000 Germans shipped to U.S. from Latin America • 2,000 exchanged for American POWs in Germany • 1,800 Italians arrested by FBI; 500 interned German internees Camp Kenedy, TX

  11. Crystal City Internment Camp • Former FSA camp for migrant farm workers • Peak population was 3, 326 in May 1945 • Separate sections for German and Japanese internees • Closed Nov. 1, 1947

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