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Unit I: Framework Joints

Explore the functional and structural classifications of joints, including bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Learn about different types of joint motions, related joint models, and anatomical features. Practice movements at synovial joints to understand biomechanics concepts.

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Unit I: Framework Joints

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  1. Unit I: FrameworkJoints Chapter 8

  2. JOINTS • Functional Classifications: • Synarthrosis – • Amphiarthrosis – • Diarthrosis – • Four types of structural classifications: • Bony Joints • Fibrous Joints • Cartilaginous Joints • Synovial Joints

  3. Bony Joints • Synarthrosis • Fused by bone • Synostosis – • Examples: frontal bone and mandible of infants

  4. Fibrous Joints • Two bones united by fibrous tissue • Synarthrosis – • Three kinds of fibrous joints: • Sutures • Gomphoses • Syndesmoses

  5. Fibrous Joints Sutures • 3 types of sutures: • serrate • lap • plane

  6. Fibrous Joints Gomphoses Pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments. Example: The attachment of a tooth to its socket by the periodontal ligaments.

  7. Fibrous Joints Syndesmoses • Two bones are bound by long collagen fibers • Example: Tibia and Fibula • Radius and Ulna (Amphiarthrosis)

  8. Cartilaginous Joints • Linked by cartilage • Two types: • Synchondroses – bones bound by hyaline cartilage • Synarthrosis • Example: Epiphyseal plate • Symphyses – bones joined by fibro-cartilage • Amphiarthrosis • Example: Pubic symphysis, intravertebral discs

  9. Synovial Joints • Diarthrosis • Most familiar and important joints: jaw, hip, elbow, knee • Features: • Meniscus • Bursae • Osteoarthritis

  10. Types of Synovial Joints Models of Joint Motion Examples Gliding joint • Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints Clavicle • Intercarpal and intertarsal joints Manubrium • Vertebrocostal joints • Sacro-iliac joints Hinge joint • Elbow joints Humerus • Knee joints • Ankle joints Ulna • Interphalangeal joints Pivot joint • Atlas/axis Atlas • Proximal radio-ulnar joints Axis Condyloid/Ellipsoid joint • Radiocarpal joints • Metacarpophalangeal joints 2–5 Scaphoid bone • Metatarsophalangeal joints Ulna Radius Saddle joint • First carpometacarpal joints Metacarpal bone of thumb Trapezium Ball-and-socket joint • Shoulder joints Scapula • Hip joints Humerus Figure 8.2 6

  11. Accessory Structures Tendons – connects bones to muscle Ligaments – attaches one bone to another

  12. Foot Arches • 3 springy arches • Arches held together by short, strong ligaments

  13. Biomechanics Lever – an elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. Rotation occurs when an effort applied to one point on the lever overcomes a resistance at some other point. fulcrum – effort – resistance –

  14. Types of Levers First Class • Fulcrum is in the middle • Atlanto-occipital joint

  15. Types of Levers Second Class • The resistance is in the middle • Mandible

  16. Types of Levers Third Class • The effort is applied in the middle • The forearm when flexing the elbow

  17. Movement of Synovial Joints Activity Using your book and this handout: Properly perform each type of synovial movement Choose an action (think outside the box) that uses that movement. E.g.: what might you be doing with that type of movement? Label which type of synovial joint would be used

  18. Movement of Synovial Joints Flexion – decreases joint angle lateral flexion Ulnar & Radial flexion Extension – straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position Hyperextension – extreme extension of a joint beyond zero position

  19. Movement of Synovial Joints Abduction – the movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline. Adduction – movement back toward the midline

  20. Movement of Synovial Joints Elevation – raises a body part superiorly Depression – lowers a body part inferiorly

  21. Movement of Synovial Joints Protraction – moving a part forward anteriorly in the horizontal plane Retraction – moving a part backward posteriorly in the horizontal plane

  22. Movement of Synovial Joints Circumduction – one end remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.

  23. Movement of Synovial Joints Rotation – a bone spins on its longitudinal axis. Lateral (external) rotation – spin away from midline Medial (internal) rotation – spin towards the midline

  24. Movement of Synovial Joints Supination – turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward, radius is parallel to ulna. Pronation – turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward, radius crosses ulna.

  25. Movement of the Feet Dorsiflexion – elevate the toes Plantar flexion – point toes downward

  26. Movement of the Feet Inversion – tips the soles medially, somewhat facing each other Eversion – tips the soles laterally, away from each other

  27. Exam 1 • Chapters: 1, 6, 7, 8 • Fill in the blank • Multiple Choice • Matching • Short answer • True/False • Lab Practical • Lab indentification • name of bone, surface feature, right/left, cranial/facial, type of joint, male vs. female • All fill in the blank

  28. “Bones are the solid, non-living structures that hold up our bodies.” Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Why?

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