Ferns that are pretty 

1. Ferns that are pretty 

3. Chapter 30 Reading Quiz • An embryo packaged with a food supply and a protective coat is a … • What is the transfer of pollen to ovules called? • What is the only living species of Ginkgophyta? • How many species of Coniferophyta are there? • What are the two main classes of Anthophyta?

4. 1. Describe the adaptations of seed plants that have contributed to their success on land. • Reduction of the gametophyte • Origin of the seed  zygote with food supply and protective coat • Evolution of pollen – plants no longer tied to water for fertilization 

5. 2. List the four divisions of gymnosperms. • Cycadophyta  cycads • Ginkgophyta  ginkgoes • Gnetophyta  gnetophytes • Coniferophyta  conifers 

10. 3. Describe the structures of ovulate and pollen cones of a pine and distinguish between the two. • Pollen cones have microsporangia; undergo meiosis to produce haploid microspores which develop into pollen • Ovulate cones have megasporangia; undergo meiosis to produce large megaspores that develop into the female gametophyte • most trees bear both pollen & ovulate cones (heterosporous) which develop on different branches

12. 4. Describe the life history of a pine and indicate which structures are part of the gametophyte generation and which are part of the sporophyte generation. • It takes 3 years to complete the pine life cycle • Pollen grain burrows into ovule • Cell undergoes meiosis to make 4 haploid megaspores; one survives and grows into the multicellular gametophyte • 2 or 3 archegonia, each with an egg, develop inside • More than a year after pollination, eggs are ready to be fertilized – pollen tube grows through • One zygote develops into pine embryo (sporophyte) • The pine “seed” then blows away and germinates elsewhere 

14. 5. Point out the major life cycle differences in ferns and pines. • Pines are much more complex • Pine reproduction takes about 3 years • Pines don’t need water for fertilization 

15. 6. Distinguish between pollination and fertilization. • Pollination  pollen into stigma of carpel - is a prerequisite to fertilization • Fertilization  the union of haploid gametes to form a diploid zygote 

16. 7. Describe a pine seed and indicate which structures are old sporophyte, gametophyte, and new sporophyte. Pine seed: • Embryo  2n  new sporophyte • Food source  n  gametophyte • Surrounding seed coat  2n  old sporophyte 

17. 8. Describe how the needle-shaped leaves of pines and firs are adapted to dry conditions. • There is a thick cuticle that covers each leaf • The leaf’s stomata are found in pits, reducing water loss • Little surface area for evaporation 

18. 9. List and give examples of the two classes of Anthophyta. • Monocotyledons (monocots) - parallel leaf veins - grasses • Dicotyledons (dicots) - netted leaf veins - lettuce, maples 

19. 10. Compare the life cycles of mosses, ferns, conifers, and flowering plants in terms of: dominant life cycle stage (gametophyte/sporophyte), whether they are homosporous or heterosporous, mechanism of gamete transfer • Mosses  gametophyte, heterosporous, sperm swim to egg • Ferns  sporophyte, homosporous, water is necessary • Conifers  sporophyte, heterosporous, pollen fertilizes ovary • Flowering plants  sporophyte, heterosporous, pollen fertilizes ovary 

21. 11. Describe some refinements in vascular tissue that occurred during angiosperm evolution. • Conifers have tracheids which conduct water (the early type of xylem cell) • Angiosperms also have xylem, but use vessel elements, which is a more efficient cell than the tracheids 

23. 12. Explain how evolution of the flower enhanced the reproductive efficiency of angiosperms. • The ovary dropped below the petals and sepals where the ovules are better protected 

25. 13. Identify the following floral structures and describe a function for each: sepals, anther, petals, stigma, stamens, style, carpels, ovary, filament Sepals  sterile leaves, enclose bud Petals  sterile, aid in attracting pollinators Stamen  produces pollen Carpel  evolved from seed-bearing leaf rolled into tube Stigma  part of carpel that is sticky and receives the pollen Ovary  protects ovules which develop into seeds Filament  stalk of stamen Anther  terminal sac of stamen where pollen is produced Style  leads to ovary 

27. 14. Describe four commonly recognized evolutionary trends in floral structure found in various angiosperm lineages. • The number of floral parts have become reduced • Floral parts have become fused together • Symmetry has changed from radial to bilateral • The ovary has dropped below the petals and sepals where the ovules are better protected 

29. 15. Define fruit and explain how fruits are modified in ways that help disperse seeds. • Fruit  a ripened ovary that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal; some fruits (like apples) incorporate other floral parts along with the ovary • Dispersal techniques  - wind dispersal (dandelions) - burr-like fruit that cling to animal fur - edible fruit whose seeds go through the digestive tract of the animal and end up elsewhere 

32. 16. Diagram the generalized life cycle of an angiosperm, identify which structures are haploid, and explain how it differs from the life cycle of a pine. • Pollen lands on a sticky stigma • Pollen grain germinates on stigma by growing a pollen tube down the style of the carpel • Reaches ovary and pollen tube grows through its micropyle and discharges 2 sperm into embryo sac • Double fertilization occurs when one sperm unites with the egg to form the diploid zygote; the other fuses with 2 nuclei in the embryo sac’s central cell to form a triploid endosperm • After double fertilization, the ovule matures into a seed, and is ready for dispersal 

34. 17. Explain how an angiosperm seed differs from that of a pine. • Pine seeds  have old and new sporophyte and gametophyte incorporated into the seed itself • Angiosperm seeds  have fruits that help disperse the seeds and the fruit is usually the endosperm (3n) 

35. 18. Explain why paleobotantists have difficulty piecing together the origin of angiosperms and describe some current theories on how flowering plants may have evolved. • Angios have a relatively sudden appearance in the fossil record – there are no clear links to ancestors Theories: • Angios originated where fossilization was unlikely • Angios evolved and radiated relatively abruptly (punctuated equilibrium) - perhaps angios evolved from seed ferns, an extinct group of unspecialized gymnosperms 

36. 19. Explain how animals may have influenced the evolution of terrestrial plants, and vice versa. • It is a consequence of interdependence Coevolution  reciprocal evolutionary responses among two or more interacting species; an adaptive change in one species is in response to evolutionary change in the other species 