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It’s All About Networking

It’s All About Networking. Presented by SCTE Desert Chapter March 25 th & 26 th. Housekeeping. Take this time to locate: Emergency Exits Bathrooms Breakroom/Water Fountain Note taking utensils Put your Phones on Vibrate If you need to take a call, feel free to step out of the room.

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It’s All About Networking

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  1. It’s All About Networking Presented by SCTE Desert Chapter March 25th & 26th

  2. Housekeeping • Take this time to locate: • Emergency Exits • Bathrooms • Breakroom/Water Fountain • Note taking utensils • Put your Phones on Vibrate • If you need to take a call, feel free to step out of the room.

  3. About your Speaker • Bryan Crisler • Started in Cable @ Charter Communications, Riverside, CA in June 2005 • Currently a Senior Network Engineer @ Time Warner Cable

  4. About your Speaker • Held following positions: • Broadband Technician I-IV (Charter) • Network Operations Specialist (Charter) • Network Technician (Charter) • Network Engineer (Charter & TWC) • SR Network Engineer (TWC)

  5. Today’s Lesson Plan • Session 1: The Basics of Networking • 9:10 am - 10:00 am • Session 2: The Basics of Networking @ Cable Company • 10:10 am – 11:00 am • Session 3: Troubleshooting Networking Issues • 11:10 am – 12:00 pm

  6. Basics of Networking Session 1 9:10 am – 10:00 am

  7. What is Networking? • Networking – a supportive system of sharing information and services among individuals and groups having a common interest (dictionary.com)

  8. What is a Computer Network? • Computer Network – a group of electronic devices interconnected for the sharing of information, resources (printers, scanners, etc), and services (internet, email, etc) • Each device on the network will communicate with each other to share information.

  9. It’s Video Time!!! • Check it out on youtube: • http://youtu.be/Ve7_4ot-Dzs

  10. Network Wiring • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP • CAT 5 • 4 pair (orange, green, blue, brown) • Rated for 100 MBit/sec • CAT 5e • 4 pair (orange, green, blue, brown) • Rated for 1000 MBit/sec • More twists/inch than CAT5 – better noise reduction • CAT 6 • 4 pair (orange, green, blue, brown) • Rated for 1000 MBit/sec • More twists/inch than CAT5e – best noise reduction

  11. Network Wiring - cont • Fiber • Multi-mode (Orange) • Short Range • 1310 nano meters wavelength • Single-mode (Yellow) • Longer Range • 1550 nano meters wavelength • Capable of CWDM & DWDM

  12. Different Types of Networks • WAN (Wide Area Networks) • A Network that spans geographical areas. The internet is made up of many WANs • LAN (Local Area Network) • Smaller Network that is more geographically focused. • Most companies are made up of multiple LANs

  13. Network Models • A conceptual networking model helps to define the different functions of a network. • Allows various vendors to build network devices while still keeping to the same standard • The Two most used models are TCP/IP Model and the OSI Model

  14. The OSI Model

  15. The OSI Model – Host Layer • Application (Layer 7) • User Interface • Used by services like Web (HTML), File Transfer Protocol, and Telnet • Presentation (Layer 6) • Used to control Data sets like ASCII or UTF-8 • Session (Layer 5) • Controls Session data and dialog control, if required. • Used to establish Mode of transfer such as Full Duplex or Half Duplex • Transport (Layer 4) • Provides end to end communication, error checking, and data integrity • Used by TCP and UDP

  16. OSI Model – Media Layers • Network (Layer 3) • Used by Routers and some Multi-Layer Switches • IP Address use to identify Network interfaces • Encapsulates Data into Packet • Data Link (Layer 2) • Used by Routers and Switches • MAC Address used to identify physical Hardware Interfaces • Encapsulates Packets into Frames • Physical (Layer 1) • Used by the physical medium such as ethernet, fiber or coax between all network devices. • Uses bits to transfer frames across medium (1s and 0s)

  17. What can you find in a Network? • Routers • Switches • Hubs • Firewalls • Workstations (End Device) • Servers (End Device)

  18. What is A Router? • Layer 3 (Network Layer) Device • Connects WAN and LAN together • Allows access to Internet • Uses IP Address to Identify Network Interface • Shares routing information with other Routers to determine best path. • Can use Copper Twisted Pair, Fiber, or Serial Connections to connect to other Routers or Switches

  19. What is a Switch? • Layer 2 (Data Link) Device • Connects End Devices (CPEs) to a LAN • Allows Access to Local Services • Uses MAC Address to identify Physical Hardware Interface • Employs Collision Detection and Full Duplex communication for faster data transfer • Stores Known MAC Address into table for faster lookup • Connects to Routers Upstream for Internet Access • Can use Copper Twisted Pair or Fiber to connect to other Routers, Switches, or End Devices

  20. What is A Hub? • Layer 1 (Physical) Device • Connects End Devices (CPEs) to a LAN • Boost signal and retransmits data on all ports. • Older Technology, hardly used today. • Allows Access to Local Services • Connects to Routers Upstream for Internet Access • Can use Copper Twisted Pair or Fiber to connect to other Routers, Switches, or End Devices

  21. What is a Firewall? • A Layer 4/7 (Transport/Application) Device • Configured with an IP Address • Security Appliance that can prevent unauthorized access by: • Blocking IP Address (Sender/Receiver) • TCP/UDP Port Number • Packet Inspection (Layer 7/Application) Device • May provide intrusion detection/prevention • Network Address Translation

  22. What is a Workstation? • Layer 7 (Application) Device • End Device (CPE) • Receives IP Dynamically (DHCP) or Statically • Has a MAC Address for every Network Interface Card • Runs Windows, Linux, or MacOS • Can be either Wired (Ethernet) or Wireless • Can gain access to server as a client via Application layer protocols such as Web, FTP, SSH, Telnet, DNS, etc.

  23. What is A Server? • Layer 7 (Application) Device • End Device • Receives IP Dynamically (DHCP) or Statically • Has a MAC Address for every Network Interface Card • Runs Windows Server, Linux/Unix, or MacOS Server • Can be either Wired (Ethernet) using Copper or Fiber • Can provide servicess to clients via Application layer protocols such as Web, FTP, SSH, Telnet, DNS, etc.

  24. Network Topology Review

  25. IP Addressing • Layer 3 (Network) form of Addressing • Two different forms of IP Address: • IPv4 • Uses Dotted Decimal (192.168.0.1) • Has 4,294,967,296 total address (public & private) • 32 bit address • IPv6 • Uses Hexidecimal Notation (FE80::1) • Has 3.4×1038 total address (public & private) • 128 bit address

  26. IP Addressing - cont • Both versions represent a real number • For Instance: • 0.0.1.0 = 256 • 10.0.0.4 = 16,777,220 • 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 = 1 • 0:0:0:0:1:0:0:0 = 281,462,092,005,375

  27. IP Addressing - cont • Blocks of IPs are called Subnets • Each Subnet represents a network (either WAN or LAN) • The range of each subnet is determined by the Subnet Mask • Each Subnet has a Network (First IP address) and a Broadcast (Last IP Address) IP Address • Subnet Range is calculated Subtracting Subnet Mask and from 255.255.255.255. • For Example a Subnet Mask of 255.255.255.0 will have 256 IPs in the Subnet

  28. IP Address Example • A home wireless Router is configured with network address of 192.168.0.0 and a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 • 255.255.255.255 – 255.255.255.0 = 0.0.0.255 = 256 total address • 192.168.0.0 + 0.0.0.255 = 192.168.0.255 • Network Range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255 • Network Address: 192.168.0.0 • Broadcast Address: 192.168.0.255

  29. IP Address - cont • Network Address: First IP in a Subnet used to identify the entire network • Broadcast Address: Last IP in a Subnet used to communicate any device on the Useable IP Range. • Gateway IP Address: The configured IP address on the next hop router, which contains a path towards a WAN/Internet • Useable IP Range: Any IP in a subnet that except the Network and Broadcast

  30. MAC Address • Layer 2 (Data Link) Address • 48 Bit Address • Identifies the Physical Hardware Address on a Network Interface Card • Uses a hexidecimal representation • First 6 digits indicate a vendor oui. • Example: • 00:15:A4:00:11 • 00:e9:af:12:34

  31. Resolving IP Address • ARP – Address Resolution Protocol is used to discover a MAC Address for a specific IP Address by broadcasting a message to everyone on a subnet using a broadcast IP. • rARP – Reverse Address Resolution Protocol is used to discover the IP Address for a specific MAC Address.

  32. Public vs Private IP Space • RFC1918 – Prohibits the distribution of private IP Address space on WAN Links. • Private Address Space includes: • 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 • 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 • 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 • This space is specially reserved for private use only. • Private space is was allocated to allow network useable space, without having to allocate and waste large blocks of public space. • With Network Address Translation (NAT), private space can be mapped to public space.

  33. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) • Allows a DHCP server to assign/configure an IP Address to an end device • Will also configure Subnet Mask, Gateway IP, as well as DNS Servers • When an end device is configured for DHCP, the DORA begins.

  34. DHCP - cont • DORA • Discover – Client sends a message to DHCP Server • Offer – Server sends a message to client with an IP Address Offer • Request – Client formally request IP Address Offered, and sets Subnet Mask, gateway, DNS and lease time • Acknowledge – Server Acknowledges client Request and reserves IP. • Once lease is at half-life, DORA process is repeated.

  35. Domain Name Service (DNS) • DNS – Maps a domain name like google.com to an IP Address • Multiple DNS servers are configured for redundancy • DNS Servers must be reachable in order to be queried

  36. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) • Layer 4 (Transport) Protocol • State Oriented Protocol • Reliable and Ordered Transmission • Provides Error Checking and Flow Control • Three Way Handshake to form socket • Host A sends Syn • Host B Sends Syn-Ack • Host A send Ack • TCP Port Numbers reserved for well known services • Web (HTTP) : 80 • FTP : 20 & 21 • POP : 110 • IMAP : 143 • SMTP : 25 • Telnet : 23 • SSH: 22

  37. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) • Simple transmission • Stateless protocol • No error checking or reliability • Used for Real-time transmissions such as voice, streaming video, etc. • Unidirectional communication • UDP Port Numbers Reserved for Well known services: • tftp : 69 • Ntp : 123

  38. Session 1 Review • How many Layers are in the OSI Model? • How many bits are in an IPv6 Address? • What method is used by DHCP? • How is the Network Range determined? • Which device works at Layer 3 (Network)? • What is a Layer 2 Address? • How does a Layer 2 Address resolve a layer 3 address? • Give me an example of a private address • What is a Gateway IP Address?

  39. Session 1 Q&A • Any Questions???

  40. Basics of Networking at a Cable Company Session 2 10:10 am – 11:00 am

  41. What is DOCSIS? • DOCSIS - Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification – Allows network connection over RF Cable using cable modems and a CMTS

  42. History of DOCSIS • DOCSIS was developed by CableLabs and a consortium of other vendors • DOCSIS 1.0 • Released in March 1997 • DOCSIS 1.1 • Released in April 1999 • DOCSIS 2.0 • Released in December 2001 • DOCSIS 3.0 • Released in August 2006 • DOCSIS 3.1 • Release in October 2013

  43. DOCSIS Terminology • DS – Downstream • US – Upstream • CM – Cable Modem • CPE – Customer Premise Equipment • TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access • Allows multiple modems to register to a single interface • Mac Domain – a single service group of multiple DS and US channels. A single Mac Domain may feed one or multiple RF/Fiber Nodes • Channel Width – The width of a single channel in Hertz. US Channel widths range from 200 kHZ to 6.4 MHz, whereas DS Channel width is fixed at 6MHz • Channel Modulation – A specific way that a channel signal is transformed, typically either QAM or QPSK

  44. DOCSIS 1.0/1.1 • Supported 1 DS Carrier • Channel Width: 6 MHz • Channel Modulation: 64 QAM / 256 QAM • Maximum Speed: 42.88 Mbits/sec • Supported 1 US Carrier • Channel Width: 200 kHz – 3.2MHz • Channel Modulation: QPSK / 16 QAM • Maximum Speed: 10.24 Mbits/sec

  45. DOCSIS 2.0 • Supported 1 DS Carrier • Channel Width: 6 MHz • Channel Modulation: 64 QAM / 256 QAM • Maximum Speed: 42.88 Mbits/sec • Supported 1 US Carrier • Channel Width: 200 kHz – 6.4MHz • Channel Modulation: QPSK / 8 QAM - 64 QAM • Maximum Speed: 30.72 Mbits/sec

  46. DOCSIS 3.0 • Supported 24 DS Carrier • Supports DS Channel Bonding • Channel Width: 6 MHz • Channel Modulation: 64 QAM / 256 QAM • Maximum Speed: 1029.12 Mbit/ sec • Supported 8 US Carrier • Supports US Channel Bonding • Channel Width: 200 kHz – 6.4MHz • Channel Modulation: QPSK / 8 QAM - 64 QAM • Maximum Speed: 245.76 Mbits/sec

  47. DOCSIS 3.1 • Supported Unlimited DS Carrier • Supports DS Channel Bonding • Channel Width: 20 kHz – 50 kHz OFDM • Channel Modulation: 256 QAM / 4096 QAM • Maximum Speed: 10 Gbit/ sec • Supported Unlimited US Carrier • Supports US Channel Bonding • Channel Width: 200 kHz – 6.4MHz • Channel Modulation: QPSK / 8 QAM - 128 QAM • Maximum Speed: 1 Gbits/sec

  48. What is a CMTS? • CMTS – Cable Modem Termination System • A Layer 3 (Network) Device • Has similar functions to that of a Router • Connects to other Routers using Fiber or Copper UTP • Provides a shared RF Connection to a fiber-node (service group/mac-domain) that will service upto 250 customers (on average) • Uses DS Frequencies between 85MHz – 1 GHz and US Frequencies between 5-85 MHz to communicate to Cable Modems (DOCSIS 3.0 Spec)

  49. What is a CMTS? - cont • CMTS in production: • Cisco uBR 10012 • Arris C4 • Arris E6000 • Casa 10G • Motorola BSR 64000

  50. What is a Cable Modem? • A network bridge that provides network access via RF channels. Delivers broadband access and speeds upto 1Gbit/sec and 200Mbit/s • Layer 2 (Data link) Device • 1 RF Connection, 1 Ethernet Connection • May have CPE such as STB, VoIP or Home Wireless Router attached

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