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Fire Measurements for Remote Sensing Data Acquisition Tools for Environmental Research

Fire Measurements for Remote Sensing Data Acquisition Tools for Environmental Research. Bob Kremens Jason Faulring. We have obtained NASA funding to support research for remote sensing of wildland fires.

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Fire Measurements for Remote Sensing Data Acquisition Tools for Environmental Research

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  1. Fire Measurements for Remote SensingData Acquisition Tools for Environmental Research Bob Kremens Jason Faulring

  2. We have obtained NASA funding to support research for remote sensing of wildland fires

  3. Remote sensing of wildland fires requires fundamental physical measurements and well-measured ground experimental set-up • Fundamental parameters that are unknown or poorly measured: • Burn scar temperature as a function of time • Emissivity of flames s a function of flame depth • Emissivity of burn scar • Characteristics of narrow line emission from candidate elements (potassium, sodium phosphorus) • Characteristics of wide-band emission from (hot) molecular species (CO, CO2,H2O, HC) • Effects on vegetation for mortality and BAER teams • ‘Ground-truthed’ aerial data acquisition • Multi- and hyper-spectral images using the MISI and WASP instruments • Well known, accurately measured ground targets • Charcoal beds, wood fires, reflectance tarps, reflectors • Dry-fuel/known fuel combustion with flames • ‘Beach Burn 2002’, ‘The Dump’ 2002

  4. We have developed a versatile electronic acquisition package ideally suited to field data collection • Major Features: • Position Aware • Versatile Data Inputs • Voice or Data Radio telemetry • Must be very inexpensive to obtain sufficient spatial resolution and usability

  5. We call these position-aware devices ‘Autonomous Environmental Detectors’ - AED • As-built Features: • 8 channel, 12 bit A/D • Precision Thermistor conditioning unit • Internal non-volatile memory (64kBytes) • Radio voice synthesis • 1200 bps RTTY or X.25 Packet modem (2-way) • GPS position detection • Commercial radio xceiver integrated • 5w commecial xmit ‘decks’ • Handi-Talkie of any description (ham, FRS/GMRS, business band, etc. • Battery life management

  6. I am very interested in ecology and effects of wildland fires, land use management through fire and firefighting methods • Experience on 6 prescribed fires in east and west • Type II ‘red-carded’ firefighter • Need more data so we need partners • We can supply certain expertise and equipment and funding for our travel, lodging and labor

  7. We have obtained USDA Forest Service (FS) funding for all-purpose AEDs • USDA FS Joint Fire Sciences call for proposal • Team with FS for analysis, need determination and deployment on fires • Extends initial capability of AED with additional low-cost hardware • Provides unique features and capabilities of several very expensive units now used by the FS: • Remote weather station( RAWS): ~$10,000 • IR radiometers: $1500 each • Alarm/sentry – not available • Radio reporting of data: not available • Low cost: ~$300 vs ~ >$10,000 for commercial units • Expendable

  8. We have chosen sensors that are both state of the art and easy to use – and cheap! • Temperature: • Low temperatures: YSI 4900LS thermistor module • High temperatures: Type K thermocouple, AD594 TC conditioner • Radiometric: Dexter Research ACT01 and 2M broadband thermopiles • Time: Dallas DS1302 synched to GPS • Humidity and environmental temperature: Sensiron SHT75 • Wind speed and direction: AEG Electronica • Fire alarm: IR smoke sensor (90o scattering) (homemade)

  9. We use cheap trans-reflective PDAs to communicate with the AED • PDA provides easy to read and use control and set-up for devices • PDA costs $85 and can be expendable – but we haven’t lost any yet! • We can store data from loggers and communicate with devices (radio digital data link) using PDA as computer/storage

  10. The cost of the electronics is under $100 • If the device is too expensive no one will use it • If the device is too expensive no one will burn it • These devices must be burned up on occasion or as a matter of operating procedure • We need many data locations to assemble a data ‘field’ for modeling

  11. Our current data stream was chosen for simplicity • We store data in a non-volatile RAM in comma delimited, CR/LF format • Inefficient, but universal • Data stream is minimal so overhead no problem • Do error checking by CRC or by repeating data • Xmission time (radio on) < 10 seconds • Direct read-in via RS 232 or by removing memory ‘card’ • Radio data transmitted plain-language voice or RTTY using same format as stored data • Data field: Unique Instrument ID, Date, Time, GPS Latitude, GPS Longitude, Data Field 1, , , , , ,…Data field N, CR LF Typical data field is 80- bytes long (per time point)

  12. Example: 4-channel thermocouple temperature logger • Uses 4 ADC channels for thermocouple data • RTC and Position via GPS • Field controllable using a Palm Pilot • Rugged NEMA enclosure suitable for hostile environments • VB download application

  13. Example: Cheap fire weather station • Under $250 so burn-over is OK • Measures: • Wind Speed • Wind direction • Relative humidity • Air temperature • Ground/fuel temperature • Can record, transmit data via voice or data link, or transmit alarms on ‘lookout’ conditions • A- $70 (unit qty.) wind speed/direction sending head B – Data acuistion box (RH, 4 ground temperatures) Transmitter unit mounts on weather ‘pole’

  14. Example: Handheld environmental logger • Acquires precision temperature and location data (+/- 0.2C absolute, 0.05 resolution) • 64 K memory = 1771 sample storage space • Uses standard GPS unit • PC application places data directly into Excel or ARCVIEW

  15. Fun on fires

  16. RIT remote sensing capabilities – MISI hyperspectral camera • The MISI detector (Modular Imaging Spectrometer Instrument) • 70 channels 0.35 – 0.9 mm • 10 channels 1.1 – 14 mm • 5 channels ‘fire detection’ 12 bit X dual gain • 1.2 – 1.3 • 1.5 – 1.8 • 1.9 - 2.3 • 3.2 – 4.1 • 8.3 – 9.9

  17. RIT Remote Sensing Capabilities – WASP Camera • NASA funded COTS system integration project • 9 month delivery time on time under budget • 4 camera slewing framing camera system • SWIR, MWIR, LWIR • 14 bits, 640 X 480 x 4 fields per mosaic (~2000 pixels across track) • Indigo Phoenix camera systems • Visible RGB (radiometrically caliabrated) • 16 Mpixel single shot at vertical (Nadir) • Applanix IMU

  18. Imagery from RIT Wildfire Airborne Sensor Program (WASP) First Flight 14 July 2003 Vehicles Visible 0.18m Resolution 3500 ft alt Tarps Visible 0.5m Resolution 10,000 ft alt 12” fires (outdoor grill) Running engine Thermal “shadow” MWIR 3m Resolution 10,000 ft alt MWIR 1.1m Resolution 3,500 ft alt

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