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IMPACT OF CHANGING AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE ON BUILDINGS THROUGH THE 21 ST C

Peter Brimblecombe. IMPACT OF CHANGING AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE ON BUILDINGS THROUGH THE 21 ST C. University of East Anglia Norwich UK. NOAHs ARK SSPI-CT-2003-501837. CARAMEL EVK4-CT-2000-00029. Weathering - climate Sulfation – acidic pollutants Blackening – particulate pollutants

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IMPACT OF CHANGING AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE ON BUILDINGS THROUGH THE 21 ST C

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  1. Peter Brimblecombe IMPACT OF CHANGING AIR POLLUTION AND CLIMATE ON BUILDINGS THROUGHTHE 21ST C University of East Anglia Norwich UK NOAHs ARK SSPI-CT-2003-501837 CARAMEL EVK4-CT-2000-00029

  2. Weathering - climate • Sulfation – acidic pollutants • Blackening – particulate pollutants • Aesthetics – public response • Broader issues of long term change

  3. War and vandalism Urban development Architectural styles Poor restoration Earthquakes and storms Climate and weathering Air pollution Appear as: impulses cycles cumulative doses FACTORS THAT DAMAGE MONUMENTS AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

  4. PAST AND FUTURECENTRAL ENGLAND TEMPERATURES HOTTEST MONTH HADCM3 CETR COLDEST MONTH

  5. Frost shattering of porous stone FREEZE THAW CYCLES

  6. PHASE CHANGE AND AMPLIFICATION Gibbs Phase Rule requires that a reduction in the number of degrees of freedom in extensive variables when an additional phase is introduced • This means very sharp transitions extensive properties such as concentration, temperature or pressure • Small changes in climate can show big effects

  7. FREEZE THAW CYCLES in CENTRAL ENGLAND

  8. Central England/Europe FREEZE THAW CYCLES Czech Republic Central England Frost shattering of porous stone

  9. HUMIDITY CYCLES RH 75% TRANSITION Czech Republic Central England Weathering of stone

  10. Thenardite Na2SO4.10H2O Aphthitalite K3 Na(SO4)2 Niter KNO3 Darapskite NaNO3.Na2SO4.H2O Used to establish the minerals present in the efflorescent salt (a) (a) (b) (b) X-RAY DIFFRACTION

  11. THENARDITE-MIRABILITEWEATHERING

  12. APHTHITALITEWEATHERING

  13. NITER THENARDITE APHTHITALITE 6KNO3 + 4Na2SO4 K6Na2(SO4)2 + 6Na+ + 6NO3- FORMATION OF APHTHALITE K = KspNITER6KspTHENADITE4/ KspAPHTHITALITE = 4.37x105  [Na+]6[NO3-]6 = 4.37x105  NaNO3 = 2.95 mol/kg at equilibrium

  14. 10MPa TRANSITIONSTHENARDITE-MIRABILITE Transitions Year

  15. 1961-1990 Noah's Ark RH Cycles UN HYDRATED SALTS 2070-2099 Crossing the 75.7% point for NaCl Halite weathering

  16. ARCHITECTURAL FORM • Will salt damage seek out gothic architecture? • Porous stone • Central and western European form…

  17. EXTREMESENGLISH DAMP AND EUROPEAN DRYNESS • Almost a contradiction… it is getting both wetter and drier ….

  18. SURFACE FLOODING AT BLICKLING HALL

  19. CLIMATE CHANGE INDOORS

  20. CETR AUG-SEP RH ANNUAL CYCLE 1961-1970AD 2081-2090AD

  21. ARCHITECTURAL IMPACTS OF TRADITIONAL POLLUTANTS • Sulfation by SO2 - limestone to gypsum • Gypsum: - more soluble - larger molecular volume Building dissolves and explodes...

  22. CLASSIC BLACK SULFATE CRUSTS GYPSUM CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES Cristina Sabbioni

  23. ENDING GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE • Detail attacked by air pollution • Architects favoured neo-classical styles • Basil Champneys’ late Gothic John Rylands Library (1900) - restrained the external design - dark coloured materials - Gothic interiors rather than exteriors BOWLER, C & BRIMBLECOMBE, P. Journal of Design History, 13, 175-191 (2000)

  24. CONTEMPORARY AIR POLLUTANTS AND STONE NOAHs ARK SSPI-CT-2003-501837 • Sulfation of stone typically in decline and will continue in the future Need to expanmd this slide…!. Joakim Langner

  25. CONTEMPORARY AIR POLLUTANTS AND STONE NOAHs ARK SSPI-CT-2003-501837 • Nitric acid • Ozone 1990 2020 2085

  26. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURAL IMPACTS • Modern urban atmospheres deposit • less sulfur (phytotoxic) • more nitrate (nutrient) • Encourages biological damage

  27. CEMENTS OR ADHESIVES Modern crusts from diesel are rich in organics - crusts may be polymers POTENTIAL PHOTOSENSITIZERS

  28. CHEMISTRY OF CRUSTS Tower of London CARAMEL EVK4-CT-2000-00029 • Larger particles were important in the past– as seen in historic deposits • Older crusts: thicker and dendritic alumino-silicates and iron containing particles • Younger crusts: thinner and organic rich: Bonazza et al ES&T (2007)

  29. OLD CRUSTSOC ORGANIC CARBON - EC ELEMENTAL CARBON • Coal and wood smoke in oldest layers. • OC/EC >7 in older crusts OC/EC smaller in modern thin crusts. reflects the increasing role of vehicle emissions…

  30. ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION LEACHING CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION TRANFSER TO CRUST FLUX MODELNEGLECTS FINE STRUCTURE CARAMEL EVK4-CT-2000-00029 Underlying stone Underlying stone

  31. INSOLUBLE COMPONENTS

  32. SOLUBLE AERIAL COMPONENTS

  33. BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPONENTS

  34. Coal black buildings of the past with gypsum crusts Contemporary blackening related to diesel soot (elemental carbon) Public concern so managing perceptions important 21st C BLACKENING OF BUILDINGS

  35. WEATHERING VS BLACKENING Declining concentrations of corrosive components in air may make the accumulation of black particles more important… Aesthetic impact may be as important as chemical ones

  36. (i) (ii) t-folding 93 days t-folding 160 days Soiling (black) b-parameter (yellow) t/days COLOUR Oxidation of organics/iron? Treated Limestone sheltered exposure

  37. Rapid changes in colour – chemical change Also the deposits may be more yellow Slow oxidation processes HULIS formation YELLOWING OF BUILDINGS

  38. 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PERCEPTION OF CRUSTS • Light coloured European buildings • >900 visitors • Dirty? • Tone?

  39. Desired/Perceived Statistical Admin U Math Admin P THRESHOLDS PERCEIVED REFLECTANCE vs ELEMENTAL CARBON P. BRIMBLECOMBE AND C. GROSSI Science of Total Environment (2005).

  40. Built in the late 1930’s – rapidly soiled, but loss of steel industry meant building became cleaner… CATHEDRAL OF LEARNING - Pittsburgh 1960 1990 CI Davidson et al

  41. CATHEDRAL OF LEARNING - Pittsburgh • Effect of rain washing since 1950s

  42. UNDERSTANDING ACCUMULATION • Facades have an erratic soiling behaviour resulting from the opposing actions of aerosol deposition, rainfall, wind and atmospheric corrosion…

  43. SOILING PERCEPTION • Disquiet over the appearance of facades increases with the amount of soiling. Darkening Loss of reflectance lighter or darker, but not like that

  44. More acceptable patterns: those which delineate the architecture FRACTALS AND AESTHETICS C. GROSSI AND P. BRIMBLECOMBE Environmental Science and Technology, 38, 3971-3976 (2004).

  45. ABANDONING COALEVEN DIESEL NOT SO BAD Brimblecombe and Grossi Millennium-long damage to building materials in London Science of The Total Environment, 2008

  46. NEW MATERIALS Modern materials, especially the wide use of polymers and fillers may need us to consider other pollutants - most importantly the oxidants which attack double bonds Relatively few contemporary studies...

  47. WHITE CLIFFS OF DOVER • Impact of climate change • Salts • Rain New research project with University of Leeds

  48. CONCLUSIONS • Modern urban atmosphere makes particles and their organic chemistry more important • Blackening may be more important than corrosion • Integrate chemical/physical change with aesthetics • accumulation and removal dependent on building geometry • Management needs to consider • effects of future climate • and effects of new pollutants on novel materials

  49. Peter Brimblecombe THE END University of East Anglia Norwich UK NOAHs ARK SSPI-CT-2003-501837 CARAMEL EVK4-CT-2000-00029

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