Paraphrasing

1. Paraphrasing What is it and why do I have to do it? • Paraphrasing activity courtesy of Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL)

2. What is it? Putting research into your own words without changing the original authors’ ideas and intent.

3. Why do I have to do it? Avoid plagiarism!

4. Plagiarism “…the false assumption of authorship: the wrongful act of taking the product of another person’s mind, and presenting it as one’s own.” (Alexander Lindey, Plagiarism and Originality [New York: Harper, 1952] 2).

5. Plagiarism normally occurs when… • A direct quotation is not put in quotation marks and properly cited “Anything you take word-for-word should always be in quotes and cited” (30). • Paraphrasing is not properly cited An author’s words and ideas are his own-if you do not document what you borrow, then you are stealing it.

6. Avoid plagiarism with proper paraphrasing • Acknowledge all paraphrased material • Internal attribution: According to Pepperdine University professor, Dr. Newman, “English teachers are the greatest” (5). • Proper citations: follow MLA format (5). • Rewrite in own style and words • The simple rearrangement of sentence patterns and/or use of synonyms is unacceptable

7. How do I paraphrase? Golden rules of paraphrasing

8. Steps to Proper Paraphrasing • Read the original passage until you understand it • Set the original aside while you write • Focus on main ideas • Paraphrases are normally shorter than original but maintain authors’ ideas and intents

9. Practice with Paraphrasing The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25. Main ideas to include in paraphrasing:

10. Compare these… Original Paraphrased The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25. During the twenties, lawlessness and social nonconformity prevailed. In cities organized crime flourished without police interference, and in spite of nationwide prohibition of liquor sales, anyone who wished to buy a drink knew where to get one. Musicians like Louis Armstrong become favorites, particularly among young people, as many turned away from highly respectable classical music to jazz. One of the best examples of the anti-traditional trend was the proliferation of young "flappers," women who rebelled against custom by cutting off their hair and shortening their skirts (Yancey 25).

11. Now compare these… Original Plagiarized The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25. The nineteen twenties was a time when it was against the law to drink, but the law was a farce because there were local bars everywhere. Organized crime ruled, and the police appeared to be powerless to do anything about it. Jazz became popular, while classical music was forgotten… Get it?!

12. Tips for Paraphrasing Helpful hints to get you started early

13. Safeguards against plagiarism in note taking stage • If you come across something in a source that you want to use as a direct quote, enclose it in quotation marks immediately when you copy it into your notes • Put a reminder at the bottom of the note that the material is a direct quote and will therefore require quotation marks and a proper citation if included in paper