The Mini-bang : Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma

1. The Mini-bang : Search for the Quark Gluon Plasma Virtual Journey from the Big-Bang to the Mini-Bang. MDAPT Meeting at Wayne State University, March 20, 2002 Prof. Claude Pruneau Wayne State University

2. The Night Sky • The Stars • And the wanderers • The planets • What else ?

4. Mosaic of 51 wide-angle photographs. Made over a three year period from locations in California (USA), South Africa, and Germany, the individual pictures were digitized and stitched together to create an apparently seamless 360 by 180 degree view.

6. Virgo Cluster

7. Increasing Red Shift With Increasing Distance

8. Doppler Effect

9. Doppler Effect of light from moving Stars

11. The further apart galaxies are, the faster they move away from one another. Expanding Universe Expanding Universe Expanding Universe

12. Fornax cluster barred spiral galaxy NGC1365 HST Picture: Identification of 50 Cepheids variable stars Wendy Freedman et al.(Carnegie Observatories), HST Key Project Team, and NASA • Measurements of Hubble Expansion: • Hubble Constant : 70 km/sec/mpc (±10%) • Galaxies appear to be moving 160,000 miles per hour faster for every 3.3 million light-years away from Earth.

13. Big Bang Model A broadly accepted theory for the origin and evolution of our universe. It postulates that 12 to 14 billion years ago, the portion of the universe we can see today was only a few millimeters across. It has since expanded from this hot dense state into the vast and much cooler cosmos we currently inhabit. In the beginning, there was a Big Bang, a colossal explosion from which everything in the Universe sprung out.

14. Experimental Evidence of the Big Bang • Expansion of the universe • Edwin Hubble's 1929 observation that galaxies were generally receding from us provided the first clue that the Big Bang theory might be right. • Abundance of the light elements H, He, Li • The Big Bang theory predicts that these light elements should have been fused from protons and neutrons in the first few minutes after the Big Bang. • The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation • The early universe should have been very hot. The cosmic microwave background radiation is the remnant heat leftover from the Big Bang.

15. Cosmic Microwave Background 99.97% of the radiant energy of the Universe was released within the first year after the Big Bang itself and now permeate space in the form of a thermal 3 K radiation field. COBE CMB Measurement

16. CMB spectrum is that of a nearly perfect blackbody with a temperature of 2.725 +/- 0.002 K. • Observation matches predictions of the hot Big Bang theory extraordinarily well. • Deviation from perfect black body spectrum less than 0.03 % • Nearly all of the radiant energy of the Universe was released within the first year after the Big Bang.

17. How did we get from there… … to here?

19. Time

20. What is Matter Made Of? • Fire • Water • Earth • Air … that is, according to the Greeks!

21. Click an element for more information: Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of Elements ** Groups are noted by 3 notation conventions.

22. What is Matter Made Of? An atom contains a nucleus... …which contains protons and neutrons... …which contain up and downquarks.

23. Elementary Particles Quarks are confined (hadrons)... Set the Quarks Free !!! … and gluons are the guards... How? Create a Quark-Gluon Plasma !

24. Quarks Flavors and Families light and abundant very heavy, very rare heavier, rare

25. What is a Quark-Gluon Plasma?

26. Phase Transitions ICE WATER STEAM Add heat Add heat Quark Gluon Plasma is another phase of matter!

27. Phases of Water Pressure

28. How to Create a Quark-Gluon Plasma

29. How to create a Quark-Gluon Plasma

30. Quark Gluon Plasma RHIC Collision Quark-Gluon Plasma Key Quarks Gluons

31. RHIC: Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider Long Island New YorkCity Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, NY

32. The RHIC Complex 1. Tandem Van de Graaff 2. Heavy Ion Transfer Line 3. Booster 4. Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) 5. AGS-to-RHIC Transfer Line 6. RHIC ring 6 5 3 4 1 2

33. Inside the RHIC Ring • Underground tunnel • Super-conducting magnets cooled by liquid helium (@ 4.5 K) • 1740 Magnets • 2.4 Mile circumference

34. RHIC Beam Collisions • Gold nuclei • Traveling at near light speed • 99.995 % actually… • Hit head-on • Crash through each other • Release shower of particles

35. RHIC Beam Collisions Approach Collision Particle Shower Collision time ~ 10-22 seconds

38. Actual RHIC Collisions Each collision produces thousands of particles! Collision measured in the Star Detector

39. Measuring RHIC Collisions Four complementary experiments

40. Who’s Involved in RHIC? People from around the world

41. The STAR Experiment

42. Star Experiment (Construction)

43. WSU Relativistic Heavy Ion Group Faculty : Rene Bellwied Tom Cormier Sean Gavin Claude Pruneau Sergei Voloshin Students: Maria Castro Alex Stolpovsky David Bower Saumitra Chowdhury Mohamed Abdel-Aziz Vishist Mandapaka 5 recent graduates

44. Wayne State Contribution to STAR/RHIC Silicon Vertex Tracker (SVT) Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EMC)

45. Charged particles produced in a Single Au + Au collision at an energy of 130 A GeV (25.6 TeV)

46. STAR TPC

47. Pad readout • 2×12 super-sectors 190 cm Outer sector 6.2 × 19.5 mm2 pad 3940 pads Inner sector 2.85 × 11.5 mm2 pad 1750 pads 127 cm 60 cm

48. O S T A R Pixel Pad Readout Readout arranged like the face of a clock - 5,690 pixels per sector JT: 48 The Berkeley Lab

49. Momentum Measurement B=0.5 T p+ Radius: R Trajectory is a helix in 3D; a circle in the transverse plane Collision Vertex

50. Multiplicity dNh-/d|=0 = 280120 dNch/d|=0 = 567 138 38%  pp 52%  SPS Multiplicity dominated by Geometry Relatively flat in  (1.) Centrality Consistent with other experiments