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Ottoman Sundials

Ottoman Sundials. Roger Bailey NASS, St Louis, 2008. Ottoman Sundial Topkapi Palace, Istanbul. Sundial in Third Garden of Topkapi Palace, near Library of Ahmet III. Designed by Suleyman, the first secretary of the Treasury in the reign of Memhet II, the Conqueror (1453-1481)

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Ottoman Sundials

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  1. Ottoman Sundials Roger Bailey NASS, St Louis, 2008

  2. Ottoman SundialTopkapi Palace, Istanbul • Sundial in Third Garden of Topkapi Palace, near Library of Ahmet III. • Designed by Suleyman, the first secretary of the Treasury in the reign of Memhet II, the Conqueror (1453-1481) • Renovated in 1794 by Seyyid Abdullah

  3. Ottoman SundialMissouri Botanical Garden • Topkapi Dial design for Ottoman Garden at Missouri Botanical Garden, St Louis • Paul Brockman: Project Coordinator • E.L. Bakewell Jr: Sponsor • Fazil Sutcu: Architect • Abraham Mohler: Sculptor • Roger Bailey: Designer

  4. 15th Century Superpowers • Holy Roman Empire? Fredrick III, • Spain? Isabella & Ferdinand • England? 1485 Henry VII, War of Roses • France? Louis XI (the Prudent) • Florence?, Medici, Papal States? Borgia • China? Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) • Ottoman? Mehmet II (the Conqueror) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1480

  5. Mehmet the Conquorer • Constantinople, centre of the world, where East meets West • Ottoman Turks took Constantinople in 1453 • Ended Byzantine Empire started by Constantine in 330 • Expanded Ottoman Empire in Middle East and Eastern Europe

  6. Battle of Walachia 1462 • Count Dracula of Transylvania, Vlad III (the Impaler), rebelled and fought back in Walachia in 1462 • Impaled 20,000 Turkish prisoners • Vlad captured and executed but stopped the Ottoman advance across Europe

  7. Battle of Lepanto 1571 Ottoman navy defeated by Don Juan and combined fleet of Holy League

  8. Mehmet II • Sultan 1453-1481 • Emperor, warrior, scholar • Built Istanbul: Topkapi Palace • Converted Hagia Sophia to a mosque

  9. Topkapi Ottoman Sundial • Drawn by Suleyman Bey, Secretary of the Treasury for Sultan Mehmet II • Similar to sundials at Damascus & Kairouan, Tunisia • Two gnomons, four time systems • Represents science, culture, religion, and empire

  10. Hagia Sophia: Istanbul Byzantine Cathedral: “Divine Wisdom” Roman Emperor Justinian 537 1453’s Sultan’s Mosque, now museum

  11. Hagia Sophia: Istanbul

  12. Topkapi Palace, Istanbul • Build by Mehmet II on ruins of Byzantine palaces • Palace, harem, government center, gardens • Ottoman sundial in Third Garden

  13. Topkapi Ottoman Sundial

  14. Topkapi Palace Ottoman Sundial

  15. Ezanic Hours

  16. Italian Babylonian Asr

  17. Outer Scale:Polar Sundial Polar Gnomon Support Hour Lines:Angles Tan (Hour Angle) = Tan (time angle) x Sin (latitude) Hour Scale: Based on Noon as 6 o’clock. Ottoman Turk Numbers

  18. Ibn al-Shatir ‘s SundialDamascus Umayyad Mosque • Horizontal sundial on north Minaret until ~1900 • By Ibn al-Shatir in 1371 • Astronomer, mathematician, timekeeper (muwaqqits) • Planetary theory like Copernicus • First polar sundials including Compass Compendium • Showed time relative to sunset, sunrise, noon and afternoon • Model for Ottoman sundials Replica in Damascus Museum

  19. Ezanic HoursAt sunset, day ends 12 and starts at 0 Vertical Peg Gnomon Summer 21 June 11 Date Lines: Shadow path On solstices and equinox 12 1 2 10 3 Tip of shadow tells time 5 Winter 21 June 4 11 Ezanic Hours: Sunset 12 off scale to east (left) 24 in Italian Hours Babylonian Hours: Sunrise 12 off scale to west(right). Mirror image

  20. Moslem Prayer Times Asr starts when shadow length is noon shadow + gnomon height Asr ends when shadow length is noon shadow + twice gnomon height

  21. Ibn al-Shatir Sundial

  22. Kairouan, TunisiaGreat Mosque http://astrotunisie.one-forum.net/culture-astronomique-f6/les-cadrans-solaires-en-tunisie-t31.htm

  23. Kairouan, Tunisia • Great Mosque • Sundial designed in 1842 (1258 H) by Almed Essoussi • Four peg gnomons • Inspired by Ibn al-Shatir dial in Damascus and Topkapi dial

  24. Kairouan Mosque Sundial

  25. Veni Camii Istanbul: New Mosque Yeni Camii

  26. Vertical Declining Sundials

  27. New Mosque Yeni Camii 2 Local hours 20’ Polar Gnomon bent horizontal (Moslem style)

  28. New Mosque • “Yeni Camii” 1 • Local hours 20’ • Ezanic hours • Asr 1 & 2 • Zhur? • Declination

  29. Overlay confirms declination lines, equinoctial and Asr Prayer line (N + G). Zuhr Prayer line and parallel curved time lines are different New Mosque Yeni Camii 3 Islamic sundial Prayer times Hours? 20’

  30. Why? Ottoman Sundials • Complex and difficult to read but impressive • Four time systems: • Time systems from east and west • Religious and secular time • Call to prayer? Tell time? Perhaps • Understand and explain our universe? • Teach & demonstrate scientific prowess • Demonstrate the scope of the Empire

  31. Missouri Botanical Garden

  32. Missouri Botanical Garden • St Louis, Missouri • Ottoman Garden • Same Latitude as Istanbul • Exotic tulips • Water features • Ottoman Sundial • NASS Conference • Fred Sawyer NASS • Don Snyder NASS • Mike Olsen MBG

  33. Ottoman Sundial • Topkapi Dial design for Ottoman Garden at Missouri Botanical Gardens, St Louis • Paul Brockman: Project Coordinator • Fazil Sutcu: Architect • Abraham Mohler: Sculptor • E.L. Bakewell Jr:Sponsor • Roger Bailey: Designer

  34. Differences: Topkapi and Missouri • Goal: Comprehension not confusion • Noon is 12 not 6 on polar dial • Arabic not Ottoman numbers • Fewer Lines • Time division: 5’ 15’ 30’ not 1’ 4’ 20’ • Hours & Half hours (30 min) , not 20 minutes • Prefered view: from South • Latitude 41 vs 38.6

  35. Fer de Vries: ZW 2000A UNIFORM METHOD TO COMPUTE FLAT SUNDIALS • Principle: Convert the sun's position into coordinates for a shadow point on the dial's face • Solve for Altitude and Azimuth knowing Latitude for various times, Declinations, sundial types and orientations • Project the shadow of a point, the tip of a perpendicular gnomon onto the plane of the dial • Draw the timelines required • Clip drawing or export as a DXF file • Design the sundial, based on the timelines timelines http://www.de-zonnewijzerkring.nl/eng/index-vlakke-zonw.htm

  36. Polar Sundial Design • Outer dial with the polar gnomon is a simple standard Western design • Create the lines at the correct angles for the location using specific sundial design software “ZW 2000” by Fer de Vries • Bring the lines into a CAD program “Delta CAD” to trim and fit to design

  37. North West East 8 6 10 4 3 12 Hours from Sunrise 2 1 Peg Gnomon 1 South Winter AM 2 hours after sunrise Ezanic Sundial : Sunrise Babylonian Hours are the reverse of Italian Sunrise 12 &0 off scale to West (left), 24 in Babylonian Hours

  38. North Winter 21 December 11 West 3 East 4 5 10 2 Date Lines: Shadow path On solstices and equinox 6 9 7 8 Equinox 1 Hours from previous Sunset 12 Peg Gnomon 11 South Summer 21 June Ezanic Hours: Sunset 12 off scale to east (right) 24 in Italian Hours Ezanic Sundial : Sunset

  39. Ezanic Timelines Simplified • Timelines seem confusing but are quite simple • Go back to the Bible: Third, Sixth, Ninth Hour etc. • Look at the Equinox, 12 hour days, mid-day is 6 • All the hours are the same, crossing on the Equinox East West 1 Equinox 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 Red: Italian Sunset Blue: Babylonian 1 11

  40. Moslem Prayer Hours • For devout Moslems, there are five prayer times, all determined by the altitude of the sun • Fajr (morning): twilight to dawn • Zuhr (noon): Shadow length: noon + ¼ gnomon height • Asr (mid pm): Shadow length: noon + gnomon height to noon + 2 gnomon heights • Maghrib (sunset): sundown to end of twilight • Ish (night): twilight to dawn • Zuhr and Asr are (were) set by shadow lengths • Horizontal sundials with perpendicular gnomons

  41. Monastic Sext zuhr Moslem Midday Nones Triece asr duha Vespers Sunset Sunrise Prime maghrib fajr Nightfall Daybreak Compline Matins isha Midnight DailyPrayer Times

  42. Asr Noon Zuhr Moslem Prayer Times Defined by altitude of sun determined by shadow lengths Zuhr = Noon + ¼ gnomon height Asr = Noon + gnomon height to Noon + 2 gnomon heights Gnomon

  43. Moslem Prayer Timelines Zon 2000 Istanbul: Latitude 41º N Horizontal with Vertical Gnomon

  44. Qibla: Direction to Pray • Moslems pray towards Mecca, generally East • The direction is as important as the time • Mihrab (niche), in the Mosque is oriented to Mecca • Ottoman sundials often show the Qibla direction • This symbol represents the Mosque, Mihrab & Qibla • Great Circle Qibla St Louis to Mecca is N 47.2º E

  45. Gnomons: Polar & Peg

  46. Two Gnomon Problem • ZX 2000 does all the required timelines but for one gnomon height • Polar gnomon is 10 cm at origin, peg gnomon is 5 cm • Do two designs and merge DXF files

  47. Merge DXF Files End of First DXF * * VERTEX 8 L_A 10 0.0000 20 -12.5193 0 SEQEND 8 L_A 0 ENDSEC 0 EOF Start of Second DXF 0 SECTION 2 ENTITIES 0 LINE 8 L_$ 10 -2.5000 20 85.0000 * * * * File Conversions 1.Rename ZW *.dxf as *. Txt 2. Edit as *.txt 3. Save and rename *.txt as *.dxf 4. Import into CAD 5. Trim lines to design in CAD 6. Print final as pdf to print full size at any copy shop

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