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The Resurgence of Empire in the East

The Resurgence of Empire in the East. The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE). Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty Massive building projects Military labor Conscripted labor. The Grand Canal.

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The Resurgence of Empire in the East

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  1. The Resurgence of Empire in the East

  2. The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE) • Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han dynasty • Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China, initiates Sui Dynasty • Massive building projects • Military labor • Conscripted labor

  3. The Grand Canal • Intended to promote trade between north and south China • Most Chinese rivers flow west-east • Linked network of earlier canals • 1240 miles • Roads on either bank • Succeeded only by railroad traffic in 20th century • Longest canal or artificial river in the world today!

  4. The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE) • Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui dynasty • Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion • Emperor assassinated in 618 • Tang Dynasty initiated

  5. . The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 CE

  6. Tang Taizong • Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE) • Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take throne • Strong ruler • Built capital at Chang’an • Law and order • Taxes, prices low • More effective implementation of earlier Sui policies

  7. Major Achievements of Tang Dynasty • Transportation and communications • Extensive postal, courier services • Became the golden age of literature in China. • Equal-field System • 20% of land hereditary ownership • 80% redistributed according to formula • Family size, land fertility • Worked well until 8th century • Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries, aristocratic land accumulation

  8. Bureaucracy of Merit • Imperial civil service examinations • Confucian educational curriculum • Some bribery, nepotism • But most advance through merit • Built loyalty to the dynasty • System remains strong until early 20th century

  9. Tang Military Expansion and Foreign Relations • Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet • One of the largest expansions of China in its history • Established tributary relationships • Gifts • China as “Middle Kingdom” • The kowtow ritual

  10. Tang Decline • Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music, favorite concubine • 757 rebellion under An Lushan, former military commander • Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763 • Nomadic Turkish Uighur (WEE-goor) mercenaries invited to suppress rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang as payment • Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last emperor abdicates 907

  11. The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

  12. Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE) • Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts • Military not emphasized • Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE) • Former military leader • Made emperor by troops • Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants, expanded meritocracy

  13. Song Weaknesses • Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy • Two peasant rebellions in 12th c. • Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy • Civil service leadership of military • Lacked military training • Unable to contain nomadic attacks • Jurchen (a Tungusic people (Siberian) who inhabited the region of Manchuria) conquer, founding the Jin Empire, forcing Song dynasty to Hangzhou, southern China (Southern Song)

  14. The Song Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.

  15. Agricultural Economies of the Tang and Song Dynasties • Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per year • Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals (North - Oxen, South – Water Buffaloes) • Soil fertilization, improved irrigation • Water wheels, canals • Terrace farming

  16. Population Growth • Result of increased agricultural production • Effective food distribution system • Transportation networks built under Tang and Song dynasties

  17. Strict Social Hierarchy Gentry: Wealthy landowners, focused on Confucian ideals, focus on civil service

  18. Urbanization • Chang’an (currently Xi'an) world’s most populous city: 2 million residents • Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million

  19. Patriarchal Social Structures • Increased emphasis on ancestor worship • Elaborate grave rituals • Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased ancestors • Footbinding gains popularity • Increased control by male family members

  20. Footbinding

  21. A typical junk ship from the Song Dynasty Technology and Industry • Porcelain (“Chinaware”) • Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal, in furnaces • Agricultural tools, weaponry • Gunpowder invented • Earlier printing techniques refined • Moveable type by mid-11th century • Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block technique easier • Naval technology • compass

  22. Emergence of a Market Economy • Letters of credit developed to deal with copper coin shortages • Promissory notes, checks also used • Development of independently produced paper money • Not as stable, riots when not honored • Government claims monopoly on money production in 11th century

  23. China and the Hemispheric Economy • Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese cities • Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases local demands for imported luxury goods

  24. Cultural Change in Tang and Song China • Declining confidence in Confucianism after collapse of Han dynasty • Increasing popularity of Buddhism • Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam also appear • Clientele primarily foreign merchant class

  25. Dunhuang • Mahayana Buddhism especially popular at Dunhuang in western China (Gansu province), 600-1000 CE • Cave temples • Buddhist temples, libraries • Economic success as converts donate land holdings • Increase popularity through donations of agricultural produce to the poor

  26. Buddhism: Text-based (Buddhist teachings) Emphasis on Metaphysics Ascetic ideal Celibacy Isolation Confucianism: Text-based (Confucian teachings) Daoism not text-based Emphasis on ethics, politics Family-centered Procreation Filial piety Conflicts with Chinese Culture

  27. Chan (Zen) Buddhism • Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate • Dharma translated as dao • Nirvana translated as wuwei • Accommodated family lifestyle • “one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation” • Limited emphasis on textual study, meditation instead

  28. Persecution of Buddhists • Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late Tang dynasty • 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist temples, expulsions • Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well • Economic motive: seizure of large monastic landholdings • Limits growth but does not eradicate faiths

  29. Neo-Confucianism • Song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians • Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought • Syncretic blend of both faiths

  30. China and Korea • Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea recognizes Tang as emperor • Technically a vassal statue, but highly independent • Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive

  31. China and Vietnam • Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture, technology • But ongoing resentment at political domination • Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in 10th century

  32. China and Early Japan • Chinese armies never invade Japan • Yet Chinese culture pervasive • Imitation of Tang administration • Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan” (710-794 CE) • Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings • Yet retention of Shinto religion

  33. Japan and the United States

  34. Islands Hokkaido Honshu Shikuku Kyushu Okinawa

  35. Cities Sapporo Kyoto Tokyo Kobe Yokohama Hiroshima Nagoya Osaka Nagasaki

  36. Mt. Fuji

  37. Global Tectonic PlatesJapan -- On the “Fire Rimof the Pacific”

  38. Japanese Earthquakes: 1961-1994

  39. Rice Farmer’s Farmhouse:Okutsu Town, Okayama Prefecture

  40. Terrace RiceFarming

  41. Yamato Period: 300-710 • Began promoting the adoption of Chinese culture: • Confucianism. • Language (kanji characters). • Buddhist sects. • Chinese art & architecture. • Government structure. “Great Kings” era

  42. Heian Japan (794-1185 CE) • Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto) • Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of Fujiwara clan • Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power behind the throne • Helps explain longevity of the institution

  43. Heian Period: Cultural Borrowing • Chinese writing. • Chinese artistic styles. • Zen Buddhism • BUT, not the Chinese civil service system!

  44. Japanese Literature • Influence of Chinese kanji characters • Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese • The Tale of Genji • One of rare Japanese language works of fiction written by a woman.

  45. Institution of the Shogun • Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans in 12th century • Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE • Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to continue in Kyoto

  46. Medieval Japan • Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi (1336-1573 CE) periods • Decentralized power in hands of warlords • Military authority in hands of samurai • Professional warriors

  47. Feudal Society The emperor reigned, but did not always rule!

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