I. Reassembling Europe, 1815–1850

1. I. Reassembling Europe, 1815–1850 II. 1848: The Revolutionary YearIII. Prussia, German Unification, and the Second Reich IV. The Decline of AustriaV. Italy to 1914VI. France: The Second Empire and the Third RepublicVII. The United Kingdom: Reform and StabilityVIII. Russia: Reform and RevolutionIX. The “Eastern Question” and the Failure of European Diplomacy to 1914

2. I. Reassembling Europe, 1815–1850 • A. The Congress of Vienna • Lord Castlereagh, Great Britain • Count von Hardenberg, Prussia • Prince Klemens von Metternich, Austria • Tsar Alexander I, Russia • Prince Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand, France • B. The Congress System • Holy Alliance, 1815 • Tsar Alexander I • all but Britain, Sultan, Pope • Quadruple Alliance, 1815 • Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain • > Quintuple Alliance, 1818 • France

3. I. Reassembling Europe, 1815–1850 • C. Return of the Bourbons • Louis XVIII (1815–1824) • Charles X (1824–1830) • Louis Philippe (1830–1848) • D. The French Influence in Belgium and Poland • 1831, Belgian National Assembly • elects Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg Gotha • 1839, Belgium recognized • “perpetually neutral” • E. German and Italian Nationalism • Burschenschaften, “liberal societies” • Carlsbad Decrees, 1819 • repressive Giuseppe Mazzini Young Italy

4. II. 1848: The Revolutionary Year • A. France and the Second Republic • 1846–1847 Depression • Second Republic (1848–1851) • Louis Blanc (1811–1882) • B. Germany and the Frankfurt Assembly • Frederick William IV • Frankfurt Assembly • Declaration of the Rights of the German People

5. II. 1848: The Revolutionary Year • C. Italy • Uprisings, Sicily, Venice, Milan • King Charles Albert of Sardinia • new constitution • Pope Pius IX • 1848, opposition

6. II. 1848: The Revolutionary Year • D. Habsburg Monarchy • Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894) • opposition • Ferdinand I abdicates • Franz Joseph succeeds • Hungarians defeated • 1849, Kossuth flees • E. After 1848: Realpolitik and Reform

7. III. Prussia, German Unification, and the Second Reich • A. Bismarck as Prime Minister • Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898) • 1862, prime minister • Realpolitik • B. The Danish and Austrian Wars • 1864, war over Schleswig and Holstein • Holstein to Austria • Schleswig to Prussia • Seven Weeks’ War • against Austria • C. The War with France • 1870, France declares war • > 1871, Treaty of Frankfurt • Alsace, part of Lorraine to Germany

8. III. Prussia, German Unification, and the Second Reich • D. The Second German Reich • 1871, William I becomes Kaiser • Bundesrat • Reichstag • E. Bismarck as Chancellor • Kulturkampf • anti-Catholic policies • Social Democrats • Ferdinand Lassalle (1825–1864) • F. Kaiser William II, 1888

9. IV. The Decline of Austria • The Dual Monarchy • 1867, Ausgleich (“compromise”) • creation of Austria-Hungary

10. V. Italy to 1914 • A. Italian Unification • Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia • Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810–1861) • 1852, Prime Minister of Sardinia • Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1892) • Red Shirts • 1861, Kingdom of Italy • papal opposition • 1870, Rome taken • 1871, capital of Italy • B. The New Italian State • 1871, Law of Papal Guarantees • 1914, General Strike • Benito Mussolini

11. VI. France: The Second Empire and the Third Republic A. The Second Empire • 1848, Louis Napoleon elected president • 1852, declares himself Napoleon III • Second Empire, 1852–1870 • B. The Third Republic • 1871, Paris Commune • Communards • C. Boulanger and Dreyfus • General Georges Boulanger (1837–1891) • calls for vengeance against Germany • Alfred Dreyfus (1859–1935) • Major Esterhazy • Émile Zola (1840–1902) • J’accuse • > reaction against church • 1906, Dreyfus found innocent

12. C. The Irish Dilemma • 1845, Irish Potato Famine • 1829, Catholic Emancipation Act • D. Victorian Reforms • Lord Palmerston • Prime Minster, 1855–1865 • E. Gladstone and Disraeli • 1867–1880, prime ministers • William Ewart Gladstone (1809–1898) • Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881) • Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891) • VII. The United Kingdom: Reform and Stability • A. Tory Dominance • 1819, Peterloo Massacre • Manchester • Whigs • Robert Peel (1788–1850) • George Canning (1770–1827) • Lord Charles Grey (1764–1845) • becomes prime minister • B. Self-Interested Reform • Abolition, 1833 • Chartism • universal manhood suffrage • secret ballot payment for members of Parliament • no property qualifications for MPs • annual elections • equal districts

13. G. The Dominions • South Africa • 1906, 1908, self-governance • Louis Botha, first prime minister • Australia • 1788, first convicts transported • by 1850, liberal government • 1901, Commonwealth of Australia • New Zealand • Canada • 1763, English control • 1774, Quebec Act • 1867, union • VII. The United Kingdom • F. The New Liberals • Gladstone and Home Rule • > Conservative rule • Labour Party • 1900, Ramsay Macdonald and • Keir Hardie • Liberal Party • Prime Minister Herbert Asquith • Lloyd George • Winston Churchill • Parliament Bill of 1911 • House of Lords loses absolute veto • Women’s Social and Political Union • Emmeline Pankhurst (1858–1928) • 1918, women over 30 get the vote

14. C. The Great Reforms • Alexander II (1855–1881) • 1861, Emancipation Proclamation • 32 million state peasants • 20 million serfs • 1864, Zemstvo (local boards) Law • local self-government • Revolutionaries • go to peasants • = narodnik • VIII. Russia: Reform and Revolution • Alexander I (1801–1825) • Nicholas II (1825–1855) • A. Enlightenment Dreams • Napoleonic Wars • consume resources • 1825, death of Alexander • succession question • > Decembrist Revolt • B. Nicholas I and Russian Reaction • Alexander Herzen (1812–1870) • Kolokol, newspaper, founded 1857 • Michael Bakunin (1814–1876)

15. E. Lenin and the Bolsheviks • Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov (1870–1924) • = Lenin • Nadezhda Krupskaia, wife • help found Iskra (“spark”) • 1903, Social Democrats meet • divide: • Bolsheviks • Mensheviks • F. The Revolution of 1905 and Its Aftermath • Soviets, councils of workers • October Manifesto of 1905 • Nicholas attempts to repress • VIII. Russia: Reform and Revolution • D. Revolutionary Response • Sergei Nechaev (1847–1882) • Alexander assassinated, 1881 • Reaction • Alexander III (1881–1894) • reactionary • chief advisor, Constantine Pobedonostsev • censorship, etc. • Nicholas (1894–1917) • Liberal Party • Social Revolutionaries

16. IX. The “Eastern Question” and the Failure of European Diplomacy to 1914 • “Eastern Question” • weakened Ottoman Empire • A. The Balkans Awaken • 1774, Treaty of Küchük Kaynarça • Russia free to enter Mediterranean • 1799, Montenegro independent • 1829, Treaty of Adrianople • towards Greek independence • 1832, Mehmet Ali • governor of Egypt • attacks sultan • Nicholas protects Istanbul • B. The Crimean War, 1853–1856 • 1856, Treaty of Paris • attempt to maintain Ottomans

17. IX. The “Eastern Question” and the Failure of European Diplomacy to 1914 • C. The Unanswered Question • Bulgarians independent • Romanians, 1861 • Russian-Ottoman War, 1877–1878 • Treaty of San Stefano, 1878 • independence of Serbia, Romania • quasi-independent Bulgaria • 1899—Hague Conference • D. Appearances and Realities • Alfred Nobel • Andrew Carnegie

18. IX. The “Eastern Question” and the Failure of European Diplomacy to 1914 • E. The End of Bismarck’s System • 1873—Three Emperor’s League • Prussia, Austria, Russia • 1878, Congress of Berlin • > Dual Alliance with Austria • 1882, Italy > Triple Alliance • F. Britain Ends Its Isolation • 1904—Entente Cordiale • with France • G. North African Crises • 1905—Morocco • meeting at Algeciras, 1906 • 1911—Second Morocco Crisis • Germans send in gunboats • war avoided