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Ch. 21 Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850. FQ: What forces for change were present in France, Great Britain, Belgium, Poland and Italy between 1830-1848? And how did each nation respond? What were the causes of the revolutions of 1848 , and why did the revolutions fail?.
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Ch. 21 Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism, 1815-1850 FQ: What forces for change were present in France, Great Britain, Belgium, Poland and Italy between 1830-1848? And how did each nation respond? What were the causes of the revolutions of 1848, and why did the revolutions fail?
Another French Revolution • 1830 Charles X issued set of edicts (July Ordinances) that censored press, dissolved legislative assembly and reduced the electorate. • Liberal forces responded to these policies immediately with the July Revolution forcing Charles X to flee into Great Britain and establish a new constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe (1830-1848).
Revolutionary Outbursts in Belgium, Poland, and Italy • 1830 Belgians were successful in rising up against the Dutch and gained independence. Belgian national congress established a constitutional monarchy for the new state. • Austrian troops were sent by Metternich to crush revolts in three Italian states. • Nationalists in Poland attempted and failed to end Russian control only fall to an oppressive military dictatorship.
Reform in Great Britain • Reform Act of 1832 –Better to reform than have revolution. New industrial urban communities are given a political voice by expanding the electorate. • The repeal of the Corn Laws and the passing of the Reform Act of 1832 satisfied the middle class, helping to avoid revolution.
Yet Another French Revolution • Factors of revolution: Industrial and agricultural depression in 1846, corruption in the government, and the middle class was still deprived the right to vote. • 1848 – Louis-Philippe stepped down and fled to England. The new constitution established a government elected by universal male suffrage. • Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected in 1848. Becomes emperor within four years.
Revolution in the Germanic States • Influenced by revolution in Paris, German revolutionaries demanded liberal reforms such as constitutions, a free press, and jury trials. • Governments allowed elections by universal male suffrage for deputies to an all German parliament (Frankfurt Assembly) to achieve a united Germany. • Frankfurt Assembly was broke apart when Frederick William IV refused the assembly’s offer of the title of “emperor of the Germans” and ordered Prussian delegates home. A new German state had failed.
Upheaval in the Austrian Empire • March 1848 - Hungarian liberals led the revolt, pushing for “commonweath” status and their own legislature. • Revolutionary forces were successful in gaining Hungary’s own legislature, a separate national army, and control over its foreign policy and budget. • Czech rebels advocated for similar reform. However, divisions between radical and moderate revolutionaries led to their defeat. • Nicholas I of Russia sent 140,000 troops to finally crush the Hungarian Revolution in 1849.
Revolts in the Italian States • Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) – Italian nationalist who founded Young Italy in 1831. • In The Duties of Man, Mazzini argues for Italian unification. • Charles Albert (1831-1849), king of the northern Italian state of Piedmont, took up a leadership role during the “war of liberation from Austrian domination”. • Most revolts proved to be unsuccessful aside from Piedmont. Austria was able to reestablish order with the help of counterrevolutionary forces.
The Failures of 1848 • Top two reasons why the popular revolts throughout Europe in 1848 were unable to maintain the formation of liberal constitutions and liberal governments: 1. Division among radical and moderate revolutionaries. 2. Divisions among nationalities.
