A natomy and physiology

1. Anatomy and physiology Unit 14 Task 1 Callum van Aswegen

2. Physical activity • When one does physical activities their weight tends to be balanced and their health improves. This is because they tend to keep a healthy diet and do a lot of moving about and running. There moods will be improved because exercise releases endorphins which help one remain positive. However one must be careful when they start exercise. If someone goes from doing nothing to suddenly doing a lot and pushing themselves to their limits then this can put the body through a lot of stress and can cause damage, such as heart attacks and strokes. It is important to start slowly and work your way up. • The amount of physical activity that one does will have a massive effect on ones day to day life and how they see themselves and how others see them. Physical activity that is done correctly helps fight depression, obesity and injury. The bottom line is - the health benefits of physical activity far outweigh the risks of getting hurt. • The recommended amount of exercise changes depending on age group. • For: • Age 5 its 3hrs a day • Age 5-18 its 1hrs a day • Age 16-64 2.5hrs a day • Most people tend to go to the gym instead of going outside to perform exercise. Depending on the facilities and location of the gym, gyms can cost quite a lot of money over a certain period of time. Its up to the individual to decide what is more important, being healthy or not. • Strong scientific evidence shows that physical activity can help you maintain your weight over time. However, the exact amount of physical activity needed to do this is not clear r since it varies greatly from person to person. It's possible that you may need to do more than the equivalent of 150 minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week to maintain your weight. Reduce Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease- Heart disease and stroke are two of the leading causes of death in the United States. But following the Guidelines and getting at least 150 minutes a week (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate-intensity aerobic activity can put you at a lower risk for these diseases. You can reduce your risk even further with more physical activity. Regular physical activity can also lower your blood pressure and improve your cholesterol levels.

3. Alcohol • Alcohol is something that is done in social groups mostly on the weekends. It becomes unhealthy when one decides to start drinking during the week and the red light goes off when they drink alone. Alcohol is a depressant which means that it slows down the brain. The recommended maximum for adults is 21 units a week which works out to 4units per day, that’s about a pint a day. What most people tend to do is not drink at all during the week and binge drink on the weekend. This is worse for you than drinking one pint a day because it puts your kidneys under immediate stress. • Alcohol can have a negative effect on the body, it can causes malnutrition, mood swings, strokes, cirrhosis and hypertension. It can even cause cancer. People drink as an escape, they do this because they want to escape there everyday life and feel that life is too hard to cope with, and need a substance to cope. Teenagers start drinking in high school, they start going out to parties and peer pressure kicks in. A person can drink because they see it as a relief but this has an opposite effect, the person will become more with drawn, more dependent on the alcohol less aware of what their doing and get depressed. • Research also shows that drinking moderates amount of alcohol may protect healthy adults from developing coronary heart disease. Alcohol interferes with the brain’s communication, and can affect the way the brain looks and works. These disruptions can change mood and behavior, and make it harder to think clearly and move with coordination.  • Drinking too much can weaken your immune system, making your body a much more prone for disease.  Chronic drinkers are more liable to contract diseases like pneumonia and tuberculosis than people who do not drink too much.  Drinking a lot on a single occasion slows your body’s ability to ward off infections – even up to 24 hours after getting drunk.

4. Diet Don’t panic, its organic • Having a healthy diet is the most important thing in ones life, it is the fundamentals of healthy living. In order to do physical activity ones diet most contain all the nutrients needed such as protein, carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals and fats. One must get a healthy balance of each. Getting your five a day is a step in the right direction as well, your five a day is made up of a variety of fruits and vegetables. • Many people struggle following a specific diet or even a average healthy diet. There are many diets out there, if you eat meat and vegetables then you are known as a omnivore, if you don’t eat meat but you will eat fish then you are known as a pescetarian, you don’t eat any meat but you drink milk, eat cheese and eat eggs then you are known as a vegetarian. A person that doesn't eat meat or any products that come from an animal such as eggs, cheese or milk is known as a vegan. Vegans eat food that come from the earth, such as carrots, apples, potato's and many more. • Some people alter their diets because their bodies are lacking in a certain nutrient and need to boost their supply. For instance when people first change their diets to vegetarians they tend to lack protein. This is because they haven't educated themselves on the alternative of protein. Protein can come from nuts and legumes. Some diets are influenced by cultures and religions. • Every diet should have health in mind because even if you’re thin you can be unhealthy. If you are overweight but physically fit you have a much lower risk of getting cardiovascular disease than if you are lean and unfit . • If recovering from injury, illness or fatigue the diet plays an important part of providing full recovery The two main important factors in a diet are: 1 Correct calorie intake 2 Appropriate nutrient levels Eating healthily is about eating the right amount of food for your energy needs. In England, most adults are either overweight or obese. This means many of us are eating more than we need, and should eat and drink fewer calories in order to lose weight

5. Smoking • Smoking is a highly addictive substance and an incredibly un healthy habit to have. It is a common addiction and plays a big part in a lot of peoples lives. Smoking damages the lungs which makes it harder to breathe with has a knock on effect on the whole body. Smoking is the highest cause of cancer. Smoking can be a life shortening health risk. It can cause heart disease, cancer, emphysema, bronchitis and lung infections. • The government have banned smoking in public areas such as pubs and inside work areas such as offices. They have implemented this law to reduce passive smoking. The government have also made it easier to stop by handing out sprays and nicotine patches. Every time someone has a cigarette they are putting tar onto their lungs and this will build up and make it harder and harder to breathe and can go on to cause lung cancer. The national recommendations for smoking are fairly strait forward; they state that you shouldn’t do it at all. • About 100,000 people in the UK die each year due to smoking. Smoking-related deaths are mainly due to cancers, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart disease. If you are a long-term smoker, on average, your life expectancy is about 10 years less than a non-smoker. The younger you are when you start smoking, the more likely you are to smoke for longer and to die early from smoking. • Cigarettes consist of many toxins such as Carbon monoxide, tar (which consists of many chemicals) and nicotine. Nicotine is a drug that stimulates the brain. If you are a regular smoker, when the blood level of nicotine falls, you usually develop withdrawal symptoms, such as craving, anxiety, restlessness, headaches, irritability, hunger, difficulty with concentration, or just feeling awful. These symptoms are relieved by the next cigarette. So basically if you’re a smoker, you need to smoke more to feel normal.

6. Stress • Stress can creep onto you and into your life with out you even noticing or having the slight knowledge of what damage it is doing to you. It comes about in ones life most commonly by either a lack of sleep or over working. When one is under stress it raises the blood pressure resulting in high blood pressure which has an effect on the entire body and puts the vital organs under stress. High blood pressure can cause one to have a heart attack and/or stroke. The NHS recommends that one must try and avoid stressful scenarios but at that same token reckons that a small amount of stress can be beneficial. • If you are unsure that or if you are under stress or that you have high blood pressure it would be useful to get your self checked out at a qualified GP. The recommended blood pressure is 80-120 mm/hg. Your GP will offer you some tips on how to lower your blood pressure. • The stress response is the body’s way of protecting you. When working properly, it helps you stay focused, energetic, and alert. In emergency situations, stress can save your life—giving you extra strength to defend yourself, for example, or spurring you to slam on the brakes to avoid an accident. he stress response also helps you rise to meet challenges. Stress is what keeps you on your toes during a presentation at work, sharpens your concentration when you’re attempting the game-winning free throw, or drives you to study for an exam when you'd rather be watching TV.

7. Stress Avoid unnecessary stress. Not all stress can be avoided, but by learning how to say no, distinguishing between “shoulds” and “musts” on your to-do list, and steering clear of people or situations that stress you out, you can eliminate many daily stressors. Alter the situation. If you can’t avoid a stressful situation, try to alter it. Be more assertive and deal with problems head on. Instead of bottling up your feelings and increasing your stress, respectfully let others know about your concerns. Or be more willing to compromise and try meeting others halfway on an issue. Adapt to the stressor. When you can’t change the stressor, try changing yourself. Reframe problems or focus on the positive things in your life. If a task at work has you stressed, focus on the aspects of your job you do enjoy. And always look at the big picture: is this really something worth getting upset about? Accept the things you can’t change. There will always be stressors in life that you can’t do anything about. Learn to accept the inevitable rather than rail against a situation and making it even more stressful. Look for the upside in a situation—even the most stressful circumstances can be an opportunity for learning or personal growth. Learn to accept that no one, including you, is ever perfect The work on this page is copied and pasted and is purely fact. http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm

8. Impacts on ones life