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Higher Education in Korea

Higher Education in Korea. Feb. 2009. Hye-Jung Lee, Ph.D. Center for Teaching & Learning Seoul National University, Korea. South Korea at a Glance. Area: 99.6 K Sq. Km (107 th ) Population: 48 Million (27 th) Economy and ICT (World rank) - OECD member economy in 1996

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Higher Education in Korea

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  1. Higher Education in Korea Feb. 2009. Hye-Jung Lee, Ph.D. Center for Teaching & Learning Seoul National University, Korea Higher Education in Korea

  2. South Korea at a Glance • Area: 99.6 K Sq. Km (107th) • Population: 48 Million (27th) • Economy and ICT (World rank) - OECD member economy in 1996 - Economy (11th) - Broadband diffusion (2nd) - Home PC diffusion (3rd) - Internet use 78% - Average hours of internet use 13.7 hr/week South Korea Higher Education in Korea

  3. I Overview I. Overview Higher Education in Korea

  4. Education in General • Socio-cultural context - Homogeneity of Korean society: prevalence of the egalitarian ideal - Confusion tradition: meritocracy, “education fever” • Formal Education - Primary(6) - Middle(3) - High School(3) – Universities/Colleges(4) - Primary & Secondary: 10,948 schools, 7.8M students, 389K teachers - Universities/Colleges: 376 institutions, 3.5M students, 60K+ FT teachers • Non-formal Education & Training - Public/private job training institutions; private tutoring institutions, adult education centers; in-plant training institutions, etc. Higher Education in Korea

  5. Budget • One year budget (2008) : 35.9 trillion Korean won : 5.06%of the GNP : 19.6% of total Government budget • the Biggest portion : Elementary & Secondary Education 86.2% : Higher Education 12.3%

  6. Statistics Public educational expenditures (% GDP) Higher Education in Korea

  7. School System

  8. Types of Higher Education Institutions • University • Industrial University • University of Education • Junior College • Open University • Technical College • Cyber College & University • College in the Company • Miscellaneous Schools • Others • Enrollment rate 70.5% (2008) Higher Education in Korea

  9. Types of Higher Education Institutions • Junior College(2 or 3 yr) in 152 Junior colleges (2006) • 817,994 students • 13 national/public, 139 private • University(4 yr) • 43 national/public, 178 private • 6year program : medicine, oriental medicine, dentistry • 2,434,112students in 221 colleges and universities (2006) • Others(4 yr) • 1 Broadcast & Correspondence University (300,000 enrollments each year) • 18 Cyber Colleges & Universities (28,000 newly entrance each year) Higher Education in Korea

  10. Types of Higher Education Institutions • Cyber Colleges & Universities Higher Education in Korea

  11. Statistics Schools, Students, and Teachers Higher Education in Korea

  12. Statistics Percentage of Female Students by Year 40 % 35 % 30 % 25 % Higher Education in Korea

  13. Statistics Enrollment Rate Elite Mass Universal 70 % 50 % 30 % 10 % Higher Education in Korea

  14. Statistics International Comparison: Tertiary attainment for age group 25-34 Higher Education in Korea

  15. Statistics International Comparison: Tertiary attainment for age group 55-64 Higher Education in Korea

  16. Statistics Advancement Rate: High School  Higher Education (Total) 90 % 70 % 50 % 30 % Higher Education in Korea

  17. Statistics Advancement Rate: High School  Higher Education General High School  Higher Education Vocational High School  Higher Education Higher Education in Korea

  18. Statistics Number of Students in Higher Education Institutions by Field of Study (2008) Higher Education in Korea

  19. Statistics Employment Rate of the Graduates of Higher Education Institutions by Year Higher Education in Korea

  20. Statistics Changes in Admission Rate by Year Higher Education in Korea

  21. Statistics Degrees Awarded by Year Higher Education in Korea

  22. Statistics University Graduates by Field of Study (%) * Source : Education at a Glance (OECD Indicators, 2002) Higher Education in Korea

  23. Statistics Students Studying Abroad by Year Higher Education in Korea

  24. Statistics The Rank of Korea’s Major Universities in International Evaluation (The Times) Higher Education in Korea

  25. II Issues and Challenges I. Overview Higher Education in Korea

  26. Trajectory of Educational Expansion • Step-by-step attainment of universal education: primary → secondary → higher education * Trow, “Forms and Phases of Higher Education”: Elite(<15%) → Mass(15-50) → Universal(>55%) 110 Elite Mass Universal 90 70 50 30 10 1970 1975 1980 1990 1995 2000 2003 2005 2006 -10 Lower Secondary Primary Upper Secondary Tertiary Higher Education in Korea

  27. Mobilization of Private Resources < Private School Enrollment Share(2006) > (Unit: %) 98.8 1.2 Primary Schools Middle Schools 18.7 81.3 High Schools 51.9 48.1 Universities/ Colleges 74.6 25.4 100% 60% 20% 40% 80% 0% Private National/Public Higher Education in Korea

  28. Shrinking School Pop. Amidst Ageing Low Fertility Ageing Total fertility rate No. of birth Proportion, over 65 and 75 No. of the elderly Higher Education in Korea

  29. College Admission Dominates K-12 Education • College-Entrance-Driven System - Extreme competition at high schools to enter top 4~5 universities obstructing the well-rounded growth of students → Inordinate expansion of private education aggravating equity imbalance between different SES groups (private education costs: 1.9% of GDP in 2002) → Large volumes of study abroad leading to educational trade deficit Higher Education in Korea

  30. ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05* Exports 10.8 16.9 14.8 15.9 10.2 Imports 1,070.0 1,426.6 1,854.7 2,493.8 3,371.4 ’97 ’99 ’01 ’03 ’04 ’05 Countries 69 71 72 73 83 86 # Students 133,249 120,170 149,933 159,903 187,683 192,254 Increasing “Education Exodus” Korean Students Studying Abroad * Foreign student share in the U.S.(2006): Korea 93,728/ India 76,708/ China 60,850 Trade Deficit in Education (Unit : million US$) Higher Education in Korea

  31. 53% 19% 20% 8% 44% 4% 13% 39% Associate Bachelor Master Doctorate Excess supply in graduate students • Unemployment rate (engineering) : 9.8%(’97)  16.6%(’03) • 139 of 200 4-year universities offer doctoral degree Korea U S Higher Education in Korea

  32. 75% Creativity 87% Practice&field exp 68% Field experience of faculty 72% Curriculum Federation of Korean Industries, 2002. 70% instructions (%) Badly Mismatched Mismatched Matched Well Matched Jr.College University 33.3 25.4 15.8 15.0 26.7 27.9 24.1 31.6 Source: Office of Statistics, 2003 HE is not pertinent enough Extent of dissatisfaction: CEO’s view on HE • Mismatch between jobs and majors Higher Education in Korea

  33. Stakeholders are disconnected • Limited university-industry partnership • Low mobility between academia and business • University portion of industry's R&D investment: • 2.4%(’00) → 1.7% (’03) (MOST, ‘04) • Low commercialization of university-based IPRs • Patent share (90~’01) : universities 0.5%, companies 78.8%, research institutes 2.9%, individuals 17.8% • Un-coordinated financial support to universities • Duplication of funding for the same purpose by several line ministries Higher Education in Korea

  34. HE is not prepared for an aging population <Source : National Statistical Office> Higher Education in Korea

  35. III Major Reform Initiatives I. Overview Higher Education in Korea

  36. Major strategies • Minimum regulations to maintain social solidarity • college admission policies with the “three-Nos” policy (no entrance exam, no use of HS ranking, no admission with donations) • Promotion of restructuring and competition through market discipline • use of various incentives and disincentives • Funding based on “selection and concentration” • targeted funding for specialization and regional parity • Financing learners rather than providers • learner-oriented/demand-side financing (student loans) • Improvement of HE/labor market information • manpower forcasting and assessment of skill requirements • Enhancement of networking and partnerships • with local governments and business community Higher Education in Korea

  37. Major Performance-based Funding Programs • 1st-phase Brain Korea 21 (‘99~‘05, US$ 1.4billion) - Enhanced university research capacity; induced competition ※ Number of BK21 science & tech SCI-level papers: 3,765(‘98)  7,947(‘05) • 2nd-phase Brain Korea 21 (‘06~‘12, US$ 2.3billion) - Cultivate 20,000 graduate-level best brains per year ※ 74 universities, 244 project units, 325 project teams(06, US$ 290million) • New University for Regional Innovation (‘04~‘08, US$ 1.2billion) - Specialize local universities; skill formation for local industry ※ 109 local universities, 130 project units • “Connect Korea” Project (‘06~‘10, US$ 150million) - Strengthen partnership b/w universities and industry - Establish consortiums b/w university TLOs(Technology Licensing Offices) Higher Education in Korea

  38. Brain Korea 21 Project : efforts for improving the quality of higher education • Goal Cultivate high-quality research human resources by nurturing world class research universities and regional graduate schools of excellence • Outline . Higher Education in Korea

  39. Brain Korea 21 Project : efforts for improving the quality of higher education • Visible result : Research atmosphere Higher Education in Korea

  40. NURI Project : New University for Regional Innovation • Goal Give a boost to regional economy by nurturing qualified human resources of regional university graduates through specialized education programs • Outline 1.2 trillion KRW is to be invested over a period of five years (2004~2008) 109 regional universities are currently participating as of 2006 131 project teams, 190,000 students Higher Education in Korea

  41. Incorporated NU System Current NU System Decisions making – by staff & faculty Meetings, Ministry of Ed., Congress Decision-making by Board composed of persons from in and out of the university Governance Indirect election (based on candidate’s track record on management capacity) Direct election by faculty members (weight on faculty opinion) President Election GovernanceReform of Public & Private HEIs • Public/national universities : promote autonomy through incorporation • Private universities : increase transparency through participation of external experts in the management - appointing qualified external people on the Board of Trustees Higher Education in Korea

  42. Researchers Connect (TLO) Prospective R&D Results Purchase R&D Products Facilitation of university-industry partnerships • “Connect Korea” Project • Establishing Consortium between TLOs (Technology Licensing Offices) in Universities • Connection between Demand (Industry) and Supply (University) • R&D and Tech. Development → Transfer Results/Products → Commercialization → Reinvest in Technology Development • Dissemination of best practices Firms, Investors Higher Education in Korea

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