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AP REVIEW

AP REVIEW. FRANCE FRANCE FRANCE. Note:. This review is being done to supplement what you are doing on your own outside of class. Make sure that you are reviewing notes that are found online. THE GOAL OF THIS IS TO BE ABLE TO ASSESS CHANGE OVER TIME!. 13 th - 15 th century France.

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AP REVIEW

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  1. AP REVIEW FRANCE FRANCEFRANCE

  2. Note: • This review is being done to supplement what you are doing on your own outside of class. Make sure that you are reviewing notes that are found online. • THE GOAL OF THIS IS TO BE ABLE TO ASSESS CHANGE OVER TIME!

  3. 13th- 15th century France • Hundred Years War (1337-1453) • Significance? • Rise of New Monarchies • DIRECT TAXATION • GAVE RISE TO POWERFUL ARISTOCRACY • Peasant response?

  4. 16th century France • Consolidation of power by the monarchy • Taxation • One example of a French tax? • Creation of armies • Reduce political power of clergy • Creation of efficient bureaucracies • FRENCH CIVIL WARS • Valois VS. BOURBON VS. Guise • War of the Three Henrys • Henry IV (of Navarre) becomes first Bourbon king • Politique • Huguenot (what does he do that is a politique move?) • Edict of Nantes

  5. 17th Century France • 30 YEARS WAR (1618-1648) • French Phase (Final Phase) • Cardinal Richelieu (politique, Catholic) aligns himself with Protestants to defeat HRE • FRANCE BECOMES MAJOR EUROPEAN POWER AS A RESULT OF THIS • Colbert and Mercantilism • Self sufficiency • Government controlled monopolies • Colonial Exploits • The Americas • Africa not fully colonized until 19th century

  6. 17th century France Continued • LOUIS XIV and ABSOLUTISM (1643-1715) • characteristics • Divine right • Did not have to answer to national assemblies • Weak nobility • Large armies • =TOTALITARIANISM • Origins • Destructive civil wars • New nobility (Sword VS. Robe) • Intendant system • I AM THE STATE • VERSAILLES • Successes and Failures • Accidental creation of a BALANCE OF POWER SYSTEM

  7. 18th Century France • Ancien regime • 7 Years War (1754-1763) (T. of Paris) • France loses most of its colonial possessions • Significant debt • ENLIGHTENMENT • FRANCE WAS THE CENTER OF CULTURE • Movement away from religious principles to natural law • French Revolution • Causes • Players • 3 Stages • Montesquieu (National Assembly) • Rousseau (Robespierre and Republic) • Voltaire (Napoleon) • Why revolutionary?

  8. 19th century France • Napoleon and Conquest • Continental system • Wars of the Coalition • Significance of Napoleon • Restoration of Monarchy • Resulting revolutions • Redevelopment of Paris • Why? • Prevent Parisian uprisings • Franco-Prussian War • Toward a permanent republic • Dreyfus Affair • Paris Commune

  9. 20th Century France • WWI • Aftermath • Legacy • Relationship with Germany • WWII • Vichy France • De Gaulle • Post War France • End of colonialism • Student revolts • European Unity

  10. Government over time • Regional Monarchies • Absolute Monarchies (Bourbons) • Constitutional Monarchy (Louis XVI) • 1st Republic (1792-1804) • Empire (Enlightened absolutism?) Napoleon • Constitutional Monarchies (Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Phillippe) • 2nd Republic (1848-1852) • Emperor Napoleon III (1852-1870) • 3rd Republic (1870-1939) • Vichy Regime (1939-1946) • 4th Republic (1946- 1958) • 5th Republic (1958-Present)

  11. ENGLAND, GREAT BRITAIN, OR UNITED KINGDOM? AP REVIEW

  12. England 13th-15th Century • Hundred Years War Early Reform movements in the church Wyclif (1329-1384) • Isolation and development of industry • New Monarchies

  13. England 16th Century • Serfdom ends (1550) • How is this a different path from the rest of Europe? • Northern Renaissance in England • Thomas More and Utopia (1516) • Shakespeare (1564-1616) • Christian Humanism • Impacts? • Rise of the Tudors • War of the Roses • Taxation • State run armies • The parliament always maintained more leverage in England than in other countries

  14. 16th Century Continued • Henry VIII (concurrent with Protestant Reformation) (1509-1547) • Political reasons for English Reformation • Founding of Anglican Church • Act of Supremacy (1534) • Edward VI (1547-1553) • Movement toward Calvinism • Demonstrates power of nobility in England during this time • Mary I (1553-1558) “Bloody Mary” • Movement toward Catholicism • Elizabeth I (1558-1603) “Virgin Queen” • Politique • Elizabethan Settlement • Spanish Armada (1588)

  15. England 17th Century • English Civil War • Ollie sandwich (James I, Charles I, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, James II) • Religious and Political cases • Cavaliers (loyalists V. Roundheads (Calvinists) • Charles I first European king to be executed • Cromwell and the Puritan Protectorate • Radically oppressive • Radically conservative

  16. 17th Century Continued • Restoration of monarchy • Attempts at gaining more power • OUTCOMES OF GLORIOUS REVOLUTION • GOV POWER IS LIMITED BY LAW. CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY ESTABLISHED • Bill of Rights • CONSTITUTIONALISM REIGNS OVER ABSOLUTISM • Locke and the Two Treatises of Civil Gov • Natural rights • Life, liberty, and property

  17. England and G.B. 18th Century • England  Great Britain • Act of Union (1707) (England +Scotland = G.B.) • Scientific Advances (Enlightenment) • Isaac Newton (Principia) and the Royal Society (state supported) • Industrialism • Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (1776) • Agricultural Revolution • Enclosure • Cottage system • Imperialism • The Americas • 7 Years War • Conflicts with France • 7 years War

  18. England 19th Century • Conflict with France…again • Napoleonic Wars • Effects of continental system • 2nd industrial revolution • Urbanization and public health movement • Golden age of the middle class • Organized labor • Chartism and the ten hour work day • Improved working conditions • Use of child labor diminished and eventually eliminated (1842) • RISE OF 1ST WAVE FEMINISM • Fight for suffrage (right to vote) • “splendid isolation”

  19. England, G.B., U.K. 20th Century • WWI • Naval rivalry with Germany • Schlieffen Plan • Treaty of Versailles • WWII • First appeasement (Chamberlain) and then war • Munich Conference • Churchill and the Big Three • Post-War • Rise of the Labour Party (Atlee) and the welfare state • International politics • Social upheaval and the return of conservatism (Thatcher)

  20. GOVERNMENT CHANGE OVER TIME • Divine right monarchies (Henry VIII, James I, Charles I) • Constitutional Monarchies (William I-Victoria) • Conservative and Coalition (between the wars) • Conservative Party (Churchill) • Labour Party (Atlee) • Conservative Party (Thatcher) • Labour Party (Blair)

  21. Italy and Spain Initial dominance and eventual periphery status

  22. Italy 14th-16th Centuries (Renaissance) • Beginning of modern European History • Changes from Middle Ages • Humanism (Petrarch) leads to more secular concerns • Rise of vernacular languages (Dante, Luther, Shakespeare)  nationalism • Main cause of this? • Greek and classical influences (see art) • Why Italy? • Geographic positioning to the Middle East • Politics • Medici family • Comes to power after? • City states (different from the rise of new monarchies occurring at the same time in France and England) • Fall of Italy and domination by international powers (1550-1813)

  23. Spain 14th-16th Centuries • Ferdinand and Isabella (NEW MONARCHY) • Religious policies • Political Policies • Economic Policies • Golden Age of Spain under Phillip II (Hapsburg Spain) • Decline (Bourbon Spain) 17th Century • Causes • Political • Economic • Military • Domination by international powers (18th Century) Charles II of Spain: last Hapsburg ruler in Spain

  24. Aunt and grandmother of Charles II Grandmother and great grandmother of Charles II

  25. Italy and Spain 19th Century • Romanticism and nationalism • Reaction against Napoleon • Embracing of the Napoleonic Code • Tear down of old regime in Italy • For nearly two decades the Italians had the excellent codes of law, a fair system of taxation, a better economic situation, and more religious and intellectual toleration than they had known for centuries.... Everywhere old physical, economic, and intellectual barriers had been thrown down and the Italians had begun to be aware of a common nationality Goya, Third of May Napoleon’s troops shoot hostages

  26. Key Players in Unification of Italy • Count Cavour (The “Mind”) • Most important politician • Giuseppe Garibaldi (The “Sword”) • Most important liberator • Giuseppe Mazzini (The “Soul”) • Most important nationalist • King Victor Emmanuel II • Unifying force

  27. 20th Century Italy and Spain • WWI • Neutrality for Spain, allies for Italy • Post WWI • Rise of fascism • Mussolini and Italy • Spanish Civil War and Franco • WWII • Neutrality for Spain • Axis powers and Italy • Post WWII • Eventual integration into European Union

  28. Germany

  29. 14th-16th Centuries • Northern Renaissance • Printing Press invented by… • Leads to rise of vernacular languages • Martin Luther and the Reformation • Translates bible into German • Causes • Great Schism • Corruption in the church • Pluralism • Selling of offices • Ignorant priests • 95 Theses and three main tenents • Salvation by faith alone • Priesthood of all believers • Bible is the sole authority

  30. Reformation spreads… • German reaction to reformation • Peasant revolts • War of religion • Schmkalden League VS Charles V (Hapsburg 1531) • Peace of Augsburg • Lutheranism + Catholicism accepted BUT! • Calvinism rejected… until? • German states remain separated due to religious differences… until? • A quick aside… • John Calvin = Calvinism in Geneva (Puritanism in England) • John Knox = Presbyterianism (Scotland) • Ulrich Zwingli = Swiss Reformation in Zurich • John Leyden = Anabaptism • 30 Years War (1616-1648) • Treaty of Westphalia (1648) • Calvinism + Lutheranism + Catholicism • Weaker HRE

  31. Results of Reformation • Western Christianity shattered • Rise in religious fervor • Religious wars break out • Council of Trent (1534-1549) • Society of Jesus (Jesuit order) • Abuses reformed • Index of Prohibited Books • No sig change in Church doctrine • Trent, Council of • Pope Paul III • Anti-Protestant • Ursuline Order of Nuns • Latin Vulgate

  32. 18TH Century H.R.E. AND Rise of PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA • HOP-RAP Austria and Prussia H.R.E • Austria • Pragmatic Sanction (1713) • Charles VI  Maria Theresa • Reaction? • 1740-1748 • Prussia • House of Hohenzollern • Fredericks, Fredericks, and more Fredericks • Beginnings of militarism (FREDERICK WILLIAM I) • First against France(War of Spanish Succession) and then against Austria (Austrian Succession) • Effect of Enlightenment? • Frederick II (Frederick the Great) 1740-1786 • SEVEN YEARS WAR AND THE TREATY OF PARIS (1763)!!! (Silesia)

  33. 19th Century: Toward Unification • Rise of nationalism during reign of Napoleon • CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE • Napoleon consolidates German states 300  15 German states

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