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Le Modèle des surfaces continentales ORCHIDEE

Le Modèle des surfaces continentales ORCHIDEE. Modèle global des bilans Energie / Eau / Carbone (Composante du modèle du système terre IPSL). ORCHIDEE. Atmosphere Prescribed or Modeled (using LMDZ ). Ta, qa, wind, P, incoming radiation, pressure CO 2 concentration.

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Le Modèle des surfaces continentales ORCHIDEE

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  1. Le Modèle des surfaces continentales ORCHIDEE Modèle global des bilans Energie / Eau / Carbone (Composante du modèle du système terre IPSL)

  2. ORCHIDEE Atmosphere Prescribed or Modeled (using LMDZ) Ta, qa, wind, P, incoming radiation, pressure CO2 concentration H, LE, Ts, albedo, roughness, net radiation CO2 fluxes Energy and Water Budgets with options for Photosynthesis and Routing SECHIBA (t = 30 min) IPSL-CM GPP, soil profiles of temperature and water LAI, albedo, roughness Vegetation and Soil Carbon Cycle with options for N cycle, etc. STOMATE (t =1 day) NPP, biomass, litterfall, etc. vegetation types Vegetation distribution Prescribed or Modeled (using LPJ DGVM) t =1 year Krinner et al., 2005

  3. Why using ORCHIDEE…. Climate impact & feedbacks: Energy & Water balances Climate impact & feedbacks: Agrosystems • Impact of surface heterogénéity • Global climate impact • Regional climate impact • Climate Chg and fires • Climate extreme impact • Régional impacts • Land sharing mitigation potential • Food supply Attribution of global changes(GHG balances, run-off,..) Tipping Points • Carbon sink attribution (climate, N cycle, land use, forest management, fire) • Change in run-off • Boreal regions: Permafrost melting.. • Amazon: possible die back

  4. More than 20-yr of development.. + new hydrology Toward a singleshared tool Carbon Cycle(STOMATE) + river routing + Forest management SECHIBA ORCHIDEE Model + Cropsmodule Dynamic Veg. (LPJ) + Permafrost + Nitrogen Cycle (Lavalet al., 1981) (Polcheret al., 1998) (Ducoudré et al., 1993) (Viovy et al., 1997) (Krinner et al., 2005) 90s 2000 2009 80s Increasing number ofdevelopers & users (15-25) Few Scientists at LMD (3-4) Small group btw LMD/LSCE (5-10) Project / Users Specific “Project Group” acrossIPSL & few other labs. organization LMD/LSCE LMD

  5. More than 20 permanents.. Few laboratories LSCE – Paris (Biogeochemistry and Biophysic) : 10 permanents N. Viovy, N. De Noblet, P. Ciais, P. Peylin, F. Maignan, J. Lathierre, N. Viuchard, S. Luysaert, C. Ottle, A. Cosic ; 10-15 Post-Doc / PhD IPSL (Engeniry) : J. Ghattas, MA Foujols LMD – Paris (Energy and Water balance): J. Polcher, F. Cheruy, C. Risi; 2-3 Post-Doc / PhD SISYPHE – Paris (Water cycle): A. Ducharne + 2 Post-doc / PhD LGGE - Grenoble (High latitude processes): G. Krinner ; 2 PhD / Post-Doc Univ. of Pekin – China (Biogeochemical cycle): S. Piao; 5 PhD / Post-doc Univ. of Antwerp / Ghent – Belgium (Biogeochemical cycle): H. Verbeeck, I. Jansen; 3 Post-doc / PhD

  6. Main features of ORCHIDEE • Vegetation defined as PFT’s (12 currently)A mosaic of vegetation in each grid cell • A “big leaf approach” • One Energy budget for the whole grid box • Fully implicit coupling with the Atmospheric LMDz model • Coupled with snow & soil energy budget • Soil energy and hydrology • Solve the Heat Diffusion Equation ; 7 layers ; up to 5.5m • fully coupled with the calculation of surface temperature • “new” 11-layers soil hydrology scheme • Photosynthesis / Phénology • Farquhar & Ball and Berry model • Computation a several levels (light decrease)  integration..

  7. Hydrological Processes in ORCHIDEE • Partition of throughfall between infiltration and runoff • Water fluxes in soils (soil moisture and drainage) • Routing of runoff into river discharge • Human pressures, e.g. irrigation • Interactions with floodplains (fluxes and storage) • Wetlands • Snow pack processes • Permafrost (freeze/thaw in the soil) • Interactions with groundwater tables (fluxes and storage)

  8. “Slow biogeochemical” processes • Phenology - Budburst based on GDD, soil water,.. • Senescence: Based on leaf Age, Temp,.. • Carbon Allocation : • 8 pools of living biomass • 4 litter pools and 3 soil carbon pools (CENTURY) • Autotrophic respiration: Maintenance & Growth • Heterotrophic Respiration • Fire module (SPITFIRE) • Turnover : death of plants etc.

  9. Recent improvements of ORCHIDEE Forest management module Nitrogen cycle Crops Fires Managed grass Temperate Crops Assimilation Of variables Bare soil / desert Tropical crops Forest Natural grass Modules implementation PASIM Multi-layer soil hydrology’ grassland • Generalisation of PFT concept (number not limited) • Scientific documentation

  10. Two version of the soil hydrology CWRR = ORC11 de Rosnay et al., 2002; d’Orgeval et al., 2008 Choisnel = ORC2 Ducoudré et al., 1993; de Rosnay et al. 1998 • Physically-based description of soil water fluxes using Richards equation • 2-m soil and 11-layers • Formulation of Fokker-Planck • Hydraulic properties based on van Genuchten-Mualem formulation • Related parameter based on texture • (fine, medium, coarse) • Surface runoff = P – Esol – Infiltration • Free drainage at the bottom • Conceptual description of soilmoisturestorage • 2-m soil and 2-layers • Top layer canvanish • Constant available water holding capacity (between FC and WP) • Runoffwhensaturation • No drainage from the soil • Wejust diagnose a drainage as 95% of runoff for the routingscheme P P R Rs D

  11. Test over the Amazon: 2 versus 11 layers Reconstruction of varying water stocks Storing releasing Larger amplitude of storing/releasing water in ORC-11LAY is more realistic

  12. Guadalquivir area : lon : -6:-4, lat : 37.2:38. 3 days average to reduce instrument noise Comparison with SMOS: soil moisture evolution • The ERA-Int rainfall forcing ORCHIDEE is rather good. • The general annual cycle is rather well captured. • The amplitude of the response to the rainfall events is more spiked in SMOS than the 0-5cm layer in ORCHIDEE

  13. Permafrost & Clim. change(soil heating) • Wetlands hydrology CH4 emissions • Snow: Adaptation of ISBA-ES + Soil freezing High latitude processes Obs ORC std ORC new

  14. Change in Northern Hemisphere spring LAI • A) detection NOAA data ORCHIDEE offline LAI trend (1982-2002) • B)Attribution • Temperature • CO2 Factors: Temperatureis dominant > CO2 > Precipitation Piao et al., GRL, 2006

  15. Nitrogen Cycling in ORCHIDEE

  16. CO2 response (NPP): Elevate - ambiant Nitrogen Cycling in ORCHIDEE ORC standard ORC + N Obs

  17. A Forest Management Module for ORCHIDEE ORCHIDEE ORCHIDEE - FM

  18. Simulation des flux de carbone pour l’UE 25 Uptake Release Net uptake Source: Luyssaert et al., 2010; Bellassen et al., in prep

  19. Current developments  Integration within 2-3 years • New multi-layersenergy budget • New radiative transfert scheme • New plant functional types (PFTs) • Coupling surface and ground water hydrology • Couplingwith WRF atmospheric model • Isotopic module for Water and Carbon isotopes • Vegetation and chemistry: coupling INCA-ORC

  20. New energy budget Mid term improvement (1-2 yr) New C allocation scheme

  21. albedo (VIS) years Forest management and climate unmanaged managed How does forest management affects - the surface albedo? - subsequently the climate ? Albedo (VIS) Years

  22. Interactions between the terrestrialbiosphere and the atmosphericchemical composition - Coupling INCA and ORCHIDEE AtmosphericChemical Composition • GLOBAL CHANGES ??? • Climate, land-use, chemistry, etc. HIGH REACTIVITY Ozone, OH, aerosols, GES lifetime • Biogenic Compounds : • VOCs (80%) • NOx (10%) • Depositionat the surface : • O3: 25% of photochemical production • Stronglylinked to vegetation type - SIGNIFICANT SINK - IMPACT ON ECOSYSTEMS (pollution) Terrestrialbiosphere

  23. ORCHIDEE tomorow… ORCHIDEE yesterday…

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