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Genetic Engineering

Genetic Engineering. Genetic Engineers are scientists who can change the genetic code of an organism … With the help of ENZYMES & Special Equipment OR … Your neighborhood farmer/breeder With the help of Mother Nature!. Several Different Types. Selective Breeding

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Genetic Engineering

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  1. Genetic Engineering • Genetic Engineers are scientists who can change the genetic code of an organism… • With the help of ENZYMES & Special Equipment • OR… Your neighborhood farmer/breeder • With the help of Mother Nature!

  2. Several Different Types • Selective Breeding • Inbreeding (Remember the Royal Family?) • Hybridization (Hybrid = 2 different “things”) • Recombinant DNA • Transgenic Organisms • Gene Therapy • Replace or repair incorrect DNA • Gel Electrophoresis (DNA Fingerprinting)

  3. Selective Breeding • Allowing only those organisms with desired traits to produce the next generation • Remember Mendel??? • People have been using selective breeding for 1000’s of years!

  4. Honestly…. • How many different types of tomatoes do you think actually grow NATURALLY? • NOT as many as they offer at the local grocery store!

  5. Let’s Talk Potatoes • Luther Burbank – Father of Genetic Engineering • Remember the Irish Potato Famine?

  6. Potatoes and Immigration???? • Ireland's Great Potato Famine of 1845 is seen by some as a turning point in Ireland’s history - Global Regents Question! • It impacted the history of America as well as Ireland • Between 1845 and 1855 more than 1.5 million adults and children left Ireland to seek refuge in America

  7. Father of Genetic Engineering • Luther Burbank identified the “blight” that infected the entire Irish potato crop • Remember, the potatoes of Ireland were CLONES of each other… one disease wiped out the entire crop in all of Ireland! • Burbank created the first disease resistant potato • Now there are over 800 varieties!

  8. Inbreeding --A type of Selective Breeding • The continued crossing of organisms with similar traits (often closely related) NOT A HEALTHY THING TO DO! • This can cause all of the recessive genes to produce traits which may not be wanted/needed... including diseases! • Remember the Royal Family & Hemophilia?

  9. Remember the Royals… • Inbreeding brings out OBVIOUS traits (like the protruding chins above!) as well as hidden (recessive) traits (like Hemophilia and Porphyria!)

  10. Inbreeding

  11. Can bring out the worst….

  12. Hybridization (Making Hybrids) • Crossing two different organisms to get the best traits from both • Remember? What is a hybrid car? • How about PLUOTS? • A cross between plums and apricots???

  13. Hybridization • How about Labra-doodles? • Or Cockapoos? • Or Ligers? Or Pineberry?

  14. Biotechnology • Genes can be changed through genetic engineering • Scientists can insert genes into any cell’s DNA! • “Recombining” the DNA • Called “Recombinant DNA” • The cell will read the instructions and make the protein • The cell will also pass the new instructions on to its offspring

  15. How do we do it today? • Gene Modification • Changing (modifying) an organism's genes

  16. Gene Therapy • Gene therapy is a technique that uses genes to treat disease • Allows doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery • Replaces a mutated gene with a healthy copy of the gene

  17. Different types of Gene Therapy Ashanthi

  18. Cell Augmentation

  19. In Vitro (“Germ” line therapy)(After the Karyotype reveals a disorder)

  20. More Genetic Engineering • DNA Extraction • Opening the Nucleus to expose and remove the DNA • Cutting DNA • Restriction Enzymes (act like scissors) • Separating DNA • Gel Electrophoresis • Inserting Genes • Gene Splicing (Again, using Enzymes!)

  21. We do it ALL THE TIME! • Today, we use bacteria to produce hormones we need…

  22. Why Bacteria? • Bacteria are Prokaryotes (NO Nucleus) • DNA is in cytoplasm • Plasmids are small circular Extra DNA… • We use Plasmids because they are small and easy to manipulate (Called “Vectors”) • Plus, Bacteria replicate quickly!

  23. Plasmids We insert specific genes into the bacterial plasmid… and then, the bacteria makes the hormones we need… INSULIN

  24. Recombinant DNA • This is called Recombinant DNA • Combining the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism • Making a Hybrid! • We use Restriction Enzymes to cut the DNA and genes • The act like scissors

  25. Recombinant Bacteria • Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid) • Cut the Bacterial DNA with restriction enzymes • Cut the DNA from another organism with other restriction enzymes “restriction enzymes”. 4. Insert the cut pieces of DNA together put the plasmid back into bacteria 5. The recombinant bacteria reproduces 6. The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria

  26. Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone. (HUMAN!!!!) Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.

  27. BP Oil Spill… • BP Underwater Footage

  28. Oil Eating Bacteria

  29. The DNA of both plants and animals can be changed! • Disease-resistant and insect-resistant crops • Hardier, larger fruit • 70-75% of food in supermarket is genetically modified (GMO)… • But we don’t know it!

  30. Plants Genetically Modified Organism

  31. Genetically modified organisms are also called Transgenic Organisms A combination of two different DNAs TRANSGENIC ANIMALS Mice – used to study human systems/medicines Chickens – more resistant to infections Cows – increased milk supply and leaner meat Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk

  32. Transgenic Goat This goat contains a human gene that codes for a blood clotting agent. The blood clotting agent can be harvested in the goat’s milk. What disorder would this blood clotting agent be used for? ________________________ . Human DNA in a Goat Cell

  33. Bacteria in Vats…

  34. Altering “Animal Organs” • Pig hearts and heart valves have been genetically altered and used to save people with heart disease

  35. Cloning • Cloned mice are used to study various human diseases • We’ll discuss cloning later

  36. Genetic Engineering and Crime Scenes……

  37. CSI is correct…. Kind of…

  38. If it was alive… it had cells… • If the specimen has cells, it has DNA! • If it has DNA, it can be “fingerprinted”! Every person’s DNA has a specific “Fingerprint” (Banding Pattern)

  39. Gel Electrophoresis • A Separation Technique • This technology allows scientists to identify someone’s DNA!

  40. Gel Electrophoresis • A separation technique • You’ve learned about a couple… remember Chromatography & leaf pigments??? • Gel Electrophoresis uses electricity • Separates based on size! • HA! Again! • Size (and shape) are SOOOOO important!

  41. Gel, Electricity, DNA & Restriction Enzymes

  42. Steps Involved in Gel Electrophoresis “Cut” DNA sample with restriction enzymes DNA fragments “run” through a gel using electricity Bands will form in the gel Everyone’s DNA bands are unique – like a fingerprint - and can be used to identify a person. • DNA bands are like “genetic fingerprints”

  43. Crime scenes rely on DNA evidence This is DNA Fingerprinting

  44. DNA Fingerprinting Used for criminal and paternity cases… Which suspect is linked to the crime scene by DNA Fingerprinting? A, B, C or D?

  45. DNA Fingerprinting - Criminal

  46. DNA Fingerprinting-Paternity

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