Chloroplast

1. Metabolic Processes pl. Grana Chloroplast • Catabolic Processes (pathways) – capture energy in a form cells can use by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones • Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Aerobic respiration • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism • Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis • Anabolic Processes (pathways) – use energy for: • Chemical work (energy for enzymes) • Biosynthesis of molecules and macromolecules • Synthesis of amino acids, proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, etc • Light-independent (dark) reactions of photosynthesis • Mechanical work (motor proteins – e.g. flagella) • Transport work (e.g. carrier proteins)

2. Metabolic Processes • Catabolic Processes (pathways) – capture energy in a form cells can use by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones via oxidation • Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Aerobic respiration • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism • Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Cellular Respiration is the transfer of energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose molecules to energy carrier molecules (ATP) that take the energy to all parts of the cell to do work. This occurs via a series of chemical reactions to capture as much chemical energy as possible (by releasing it in small increments) thereby minimizing energy lost as heat and other forms.

3. Metabolic Processes • Catabolic Processes (pathways) – capture energy in a form cells can use by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones via oxidation • Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Aerobic respiration • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism • Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis One molecule of glucose (6-carbon sugar) is converted into two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbon sugar) via a series of chemical reactions that release the energy stored in the chemical bonds little by little resulting in the production of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules per glucose.

4. Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Metabolic pathway used by most prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms to break down glucose and capture its energy • Glucose (6-carbon molecule)  2 pyruvates (3-carbon molecules) + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP+ 2 NADH + 2 ATP • 10 steps, each involves one or more enzymes • The enzymes involved in this pathway are highly conserved (found in all cells – prokaryotes and eukaryotes) • Not very efficient – a lot of energy still remains tied up in the pyruvates, which can be further metabolized by organisms capable of aerobic respiration

5. Metabolic Processes • Catabolic Processes (pathways) – capture energy in a form cells can use by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones via oxidation • Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Aerobic respiration • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism • Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Organisms use energy from NADH produced from glycolysis – results in various “waste products” depending on the organism

6. Metabolic Processes • Catabolic Processes (pathways) – capture energy in a form cells can use by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones via oxidation • Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Aerobic respiration • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism • Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis • Homolactic Acid Fermentation • NADH is used to convert pyruvate (pyruvic acid) to lactic acid • Occurs in: • Lactobacilli (utilized in cheese production) • Mammalian muscle cells (responsible for soar muscles)

7. Metabolic Processes • Catabolic Processes (pathways) – capture energy in a form cells can use by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones via oxidation • Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Aerobic respiration • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism • Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Anaerobic Respiration - Occur without O2 C6H12O6 pyruvate + energy  products of fermentation (e.g. lactic acid or ethyl alcohol)

8. Metabolic Processes • Catabolic Processes (pathways) – capture energy in a form cells can use by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones via oxidation • Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Aerobic respiration • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism • Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis carbon dioxide glucose oxygen water C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy! Know this formula for Aerobic Cellular Respiration! Requires O2!

9. Aerobic Respiration KNOW THIS SLIDE! • Aerobic respiration starts in the cytoplasm with glycolysis and concludes in the mitochondria where oxygen is used to help break down pyruvate to produce ATP. Aerobic Cellular Respiration carbon dioxide glucose oxygen water ( C6H12O6 pyruvate ) + 6O2 6H20 + 6CO2+ energy ADP + P  ATP 1 Oxidation of Pyruvate 2 3 A total of 38 ATP are produced per glucose 4 2 34 2

10. Aerobic Respiration • Oxidation of Pyruvate: • Pyruvates (from glycolysis) enter matrix of mitochondria in eukaryotes (whole process takes place at plasma membrane in prokaryotes) • Pyruvate (3-carbon compound) is converted into a 2-carbon compound • Energy is released and transferred to NAD and H+ to form NADH (energy carrier molecule) • The carbon that was removed pairs with O2 to form CO2 (which exists the cell as a waste product) Glycolysis  this step  Kreb’s cycle  electron transport & chemiosmosis

11. Aerobic Respiration 2. Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): each 2 carbon compound (acetyl CoA) is processed through a series of reactions to produce: 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, and 2 CO2 per pyruvate (double this to calculate how many per glucose) - recall that one CO2 was released from the last step so that is a total of 3 CO2 per pyruvate (6 CO2 per glucose)

12. Aerobic Respiration 3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): Electrons are taken from the NADH molecules and passed down a series of proteins (electron transport chain) that use energy from the FADH2 molecules to pump H+ into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria causing positively charged ions to build up inside (like what happens at the ETC in the thylakoids during the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis) 4. Chemiosmosis: ATP synthase uses energy from the movement of H+ ions flowing out of the intermembrane space to power the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP (results in 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2)

13. Metabolic Processes • Catabolic Processes (pathways) – capture energy in a form cells can use by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones via oxidation • Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Aerobic respiration • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism • Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Oxidation of Pyruvate 2* 2 34 Aerobic Respiration Conversion of pyruvates (pyruvic acid) into CO2 resulting in production of 18 ATP per pyruvate (that’s 36 ATP per glucose molecule) • 1 ATP is produced per pyruvate in the Kreb’s Cycle (that’s 2 ATP per glucose) • 17 ATP are produced per pyruvate during chemiosmosis (that’s 34 ATP per glucose) • 2 ATP* were produced during glycolysis bringing the total to 38ATP

14. Metabolic Processes • Catabolic Processes (pathways) – capture energy in a form cells can use by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones via oxidation • Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Aerobic respiration • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism • Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

15. Metabolic Processes • Catabolic Processes (pathways) – capture energy in a form cells can use by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones via oxidation • Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Fermentation • Aerobic respiration • Fat metabolism • Protein metabolism • Light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis