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Juvenile Justice in America

Juvenile Justice in America. SOC 106 Part 9 : Schools and Delinquency. Educating youth - begins at home - continues in school - educate / instill values / beliefs a. Responsibility - “ in loco parentis ” - act as parents / discipline / need (1) Prepare for life

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Juvenile Justice in America

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  1. Juvenile Justice in America SOC 106 Part 9: Schools and Delinquency

  2. Educating youth - begins at home - continues in school - educate / instill values / beliefs a. Responsibility - “in loco parentis” - act as parents / discipline / need (1) Prepare for life - what society wants - we believe best

  3. - want child to be (a) What government wants - meeting of cultures - ethical beliefs (b) WASL - WA Assessment of Student Learning (2008) (2) Mix together - expect all to learn

  4. - hold “dumb” ones back - worse / pass on - penalize not as smart (a) Mental / physical / attitude problem - do not address - only intelligence (b) Parents not caring - will not work with - cannot do the work - illiterate parents

  5. b. Gage success - graduation / scholarship / GPA / SAT’s - college acceptance / status (1) Poor student - further behind (a) Teacher recommends - parents want promoted - failing child / held accountable (b) High school

  6. - until 21 years - school responsibility - dropout at 16 years (2) United Nations: “Rights of the Child” - develop personality / talents - prepare for adult life - national values (3) Importance of success - greater probability - success in life

  7. (a) Anti-achievement ethic - cool to skip - misbehave / get detention - smart off / kicked out (b) Good grades “uncool” - “crab syndrome” - form hard shell - go against system - not even try (3) System / teachers label / categorize

  8. - become delinquent - remedial / special education classes c. Schools - turn youth into delinquent - 60% Hispanic youth dropout - 72% inner-city African-American youth - no education / training = no job (1) Most likely delinquents - chronic underachievers - disadvantages of lower-class

  9. - lack verbal skills / street language - lack parental education - lack motivation (a) Washington state - no different - leave at 16 years (b) Stress WASL (2) Creating delinquents

  10. - constant testing - comparing students - discourage with poor grades (a) Students to mature - leaving high school (b) Leaving peer group (3) Promoting failure - grading system = A/B/C/D/F - objective testing

  11. - closed book tests (a) Middle-class measuring rod - average student = C - above average = B- and up - below average = C- and below (b) Link: school failure + delinquency - low IQ = special classes (c) Middle-class officials - administration / teachers

  12. - penalize lower-class students (d) School failure - label / stigmatize - into delinquency (e) Train lower-class - menial careers • Problem areas - six primary concerns - most schools

  13. a. Self-fulfilling prophecy - tell not going to do well - failure - expectation of others b. Stigma - do poorly - loss of self-esteem c. Student subculture - own values - reward misbehavior

  14. d. Future rewards - benefits at end - immediate rewards e. Grading policy - stigmatized - lower grade - good grade = cheat f. Teacher effectiveness - better teacher = better school - poor school: less money, equipment, books

  15. System alienates - more time = good student - poor get worse - more time = poor student - good suffer a. Irrelevant curriculum - college / work - provide basic skills (1) Algebra / geometry - not to college

  16. - major: not need (2) Relevant - student need b. Place to learn / safety - no. 2 victimization / 18% - no. 1: street / park / playground (1) Delinquency increasing (a) Dangerous: students / teachers

  17. - 12 thru 15 years (b) 68% = robbery - money / clothes (c) 50% = assault (c) Weapons at school increasing - 135,000: guns daily - Baltimore: 50% daily - United States: 151 arrests per 100,000

  18. (3) Correlation - crime / community (a) High in neighborhood - high in school (b) Fighting back - security devices - security (c) Disciplinary codes - attendance / dress / weapons

  19. - drugs / fights - school / home suspension • School authority vs. studentrights - right to “manage” students - teachers right to discipline a. Rights of students - unreasonable search / seizure - privacy / free speech - expression - due process - prayer / discipline

  20. b. Search / seizure - few rights (1) Lockers - school owns - items that interfere (2) Sweep search - reasonable suspicion (3) New Jersey v. TLO (1985) - US Supreme Court

  21. - warrantless searches - reasonable suspicion - physical security (4) Veronia School v. Acton (1995) / Board of Education vs. Earls (2002) - involuntary drug tests: urinalysis - extra curricular activities - must submit c. Academic privacy - records

  22. (1) Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act – 1974 (FERPA) - parental consent - files / records / photos (2) Improving America Schools Act – 1994 can disclose if: - law authorizes - juvenile justice agency - pre-adjudication - other agency: not disclose (police / CPS / etc.)

  23. d. Free speech / expression - 1st Amendment impact (1) Passive - non-verbal - armbands / protest buttons (2) Tinker v. Des Moines School (1969) - black armbands - Viet Nam (3) US Supreme Court

  24. - conduct will interfere - discipline required - to operate (4) Active - Bethel School v. Frazier - 1986 - profanity / obscene gestures - control (5) Hazelwood School v. Kuhlmeier - 1988 - can censor - school publications

  25. e. Prayer (1) Santa Fe School v. Jane Doe - not official (2) Faculty / student participation - voluntary - facilities f. Discipline (in loco parentis) - corporeal punishment - state statutes

  26. (1) Goss v. Lopez (1976) - suspension - unreasonable / excessive / arbitrary (2) Ingraham v. Wright (1977) - reasonable discipline standard - 8th Amendment / 14th Amendment (3) Hearing process (a) 10 days or less - oral / written notice

  27. - denied - evidence explained - present side (b) No delay - time notice given (c) Hearing - almost immediately (d) Pose threat - remove / then hearing

  28. Delinquency prevention - campaigns established a. Crime-free statutes - crime-free zone / weapon-free zone - drug-free zone / safe school zone (1) School transportation - picking up / dropping off (2) Sponsored activities - dances / sports / other

  29. b. Cooperation - juvenile justice (1) Share information - court officials (judge / probation) (2) Monitor students - records / probation c. Developing (1) Crisis prevention / intervention

  30. - teacher training - observe tendencies - policies to follow (2) Safe-school plans - incident occurs - lock / windows / floor d. Strict controls - searches / patrols / no off-campus (1) Zero tolerance

  31. - predetermined punishment - possession / weapon / tobacco - violent behavior / crime e. Security efforts - restrict entry - front desk / sign in - main door for entry (1) Other attempts - cameras / barriers / security officers - 4% = metal detectors

  32. - 15%: serious crime (a) New York City - hand held detectors - greater sense / attendance (b) Undercover officers - attend as students - notify f. Social programs - school climate

  33. - educational standards (1) Improve standards - teaching staff - administration (2) Increase relevance - curriculum (3) Law related - education - legal knowledge

  34. (4) Climate - poor student / better student - upper grades / lower grades - name tags / clothing • Innovative programs a. Life skills training (LST) – 1995 - prevention program - most well researched - 7th grade / 15 sessions - booster: 8th grade: 10 / 9th grade: 5

  35. b. Includes 5 components (1) Cognitive - short-term consequences - minimal: long-term - not useful (a) Immediate negative effects (b) Decreasing social acceptability (c) Prevalence rate

  36. (2) Decision - critical / independent thinking - behavior of media / peer pressure - counter arguments / resist (3) Stress-reduction - lessen anxiety - relaxation techniques - manage stress (4) Social skills - social assertiveness

  37. - resist peer pressure (5) Self-directed behavior change - personal control - self-esteem - identify behavior / change / 8 weeks b. Follow-up studies - effective - inner city / minority - middle-class

  38. DARE - 1983 - Los Angeles Police / LA School District - Drug Abuse Resistance Education - best known - elementary schools - information / refusal - management skills - alternatives a. World wide - 50 states - Native American - military

  39. (1) Feel good program - police/youth interaction - schools support (2) One-year later - more negative attitude - ability to say “no” (3) Ten-years later - few differences - drug attitude - self-esteem

  40. b. Three-year study - Department of Justice (1) No significant effect - $220 million - 75% schools (2) Lost after 6 years - suburban: increased use - Illinois: lost after 1 to 2 years

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