Topic : Midterm Exam Review Aim : Let ’ s review for the midterm. Do Now : Take out ISN HW

1. Topic: Midterm Exam Review Aim: Let’s review for the midterm. Do Now: Take out ISN HW HW: Topics to study for the midterm - • Scientific Method • Lab instruments – graduated cylinder, microscope • Cells – prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic, kingdoms, cell organization, cell theory, cell respiration, cell parts, cell transport, • Human systems – digestive, circulatory, excretory, respiratory, nervous, endocrine

2. Scenario 1 – Floor Wax A shopping mall wanted to determine whether the more expensive “Tough Stuff” floor wax was better than the cheaper “Steel Seal” floor wax at protecting its floor tiles against scratches. One liter of each brand of floor wax was applied to each of 5 test sections of the main hall of the mall. The test sections were all the same size and were covered with the same kind of tiles. Five (5) other test sections received no wax. After 3 weeks, the number of scratches in each of the test sections was counted.

3. Problem: Is “Tough Stuff” floor wax better than “Steel Seal” floor wax at floor tiles against scratches? • Hypothesis: I think that “Tough Stuff” floor wax is better than “Steel Seal” floor wax at floor tiles against scratches. • Independent variable: • Dependent variable: • Control group: • Experimental group: • 2 controls (constants): Type of wax Number of scratches Tiles with no floor wax Tiles with each type of wax Same kind of tiles, test section same size

4. Observation: • The penguins were climbing out of the water. • Inference: • The penguins were fleeing from a predator. • The penguins were chasing after food. Write an observation and an inference based on the picture.

5. Microscopic Measurement Review • Draw a ruler in a low power field of view that measures a diameter of 2.5cm. Label the ruler and a millimeter mark in your drawing. • Draw 5 cells of similar size across a low power field of view. The diameter of the field of view is 1000um. Write the diameter under your field of view. Determine the length of one cell and write it under the diameter. • Draw one cell in a low power field of view that has a length of 300um. The diameter of the field of view is 1000um. Write this diameter under your field of view.

6. Ruler Millimeter mark

7. Ruler Millimeter mark

8. 1000/5 = 200um 1000um

9. 500um 250um 1000um

10. Identify the structure that focuses the specimen under high power. 2. Identify the structure that controls the amount of light reaching the specimen. 3. Identify the structure(s) that contain lenses to magnify the specimen. 4. Identify the structure that is only used under low or medium power. 5. Calculate the total magnification when using the objective labeled D. B – fine adjustment E F – diaphragm A – ocular D – objective lens E – course adjustment F Ocular x objective 10x x 40x = 400x

11. Write the equation for aerobic respiration, alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Aerobic respiration C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + 36ATP glucose oxygen carbon water energy dioxide Occurs in the cell organelle called mitochondria. Occurs in Eukaryotic cells. Aerobic respiration is very important because it is the most efficient type of respiration. Energy is needed for all life processes.

12. Alcoholic Fermentation C6H12O6  CO2 + alcohol + 2ATP glucose carbon energy dioxide Occurs in the cytoplasm. Occurs in yeast cells. Anaerobic respiration is very important because energy is produced. Energy is needed for all life processes.

13. Lactic Acid Fermentation C6H12O6  lactic acid + 2ATP glucose energy Occurs in the cytoplasm. Occurs in muscle cells. Anaerobic respiration is very important because energy is produced. Energy is needed for all life processes.

14. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. COMPARE • They both have DNA (genetic material). • They both contain ribosomes. CONTRAST • Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus. • Prokaryotic cells do not membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.

15. Compare and contrast archaebacteria and eubacteria COMPARE • They do not contain a nucleus (prokaryotic). • They do not contain membrane-bound organelles. CONTRAST • Archaebacteria live in extreme environments. Eubacteria are very common and live in normal environments. • Archaebacteria are “ancient” bacteria. They have been around for many years. Eubacteria have not existed for as long as archaebacteria.

16. Cytoplasm Chloroplast Nuclear membrane Nucleus ER Ribosomes Golgi bodies Vacuole Cell membrane Mitochondria Cell wall Animal cell Plant cell

17. arteries A Most muscular, carry blood away from heart, pulse, high blood pressure capillaries 1. Identify each blood vessel labeled in the diagram. 2. Describe a characteristic of each blood vessel. B capillaries C B veins Smallest, thin, exchange of substances between blood and the body Not as muscular, carry blood to the heart, low blood pressure, valves to prevent backflow of blood

18. G - Right ventricle • Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. 2. Separates the right and left side of the heart. 3. Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. J - Septum F - Left atrium

19. B and I – vena cava 4. Veins that carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. 5. Aorta 6. Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. A H – left ventricle

20. The diagram represents a microscopic view of blood cells. • Identify A, B, C and D and describe the function of each. 3. Identify the most numerous blood cell. 4. Identify where blood cells are produced. Protects body against disease, produce antibodies A - WBC B - Platelet Blood clotting C - RBC Carries oxygen (hemoglobin) D - Plasma Carries substances (everything except oxygen) RBC’s Bone marrow

21. 10. The general pathway of blood in the body is a. heart  lungs  body  heart b. body  lungs  heart  body c. lungs  heart  lungs  body d. heart  lungs  heart  body

22. 11. Blood leaves the heart through a. arteries b. atria c. veins d. capillaries 16. Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs are known as the a. aorta b. pulmonary arteries c. pulmonary veins d. vena cava

23. 18. Which chamber receives deoxygenated blood from different body parts? a. left ventricle b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. right atrium 19. The largest artery in the body that carries oxygenated blood to the rest of the body is known as the a. vena cava b. aorta c. pulmonary artery d. coronary artery

24. Identify the process occurring in the diagram. Support your answer. Diffusion/passive transport. Molecules of dye are moving from a high to low concentration.

25. Passive Transport Active Transport Energy required No energy required Both involve movement of materials across cell membrane Substances move from high to low concentration Substances move from low to high concentration Diffusion and osmosis Both are important to the cell

26. A – oral cavity D – Small intestine H – Largeintestine 21. Chemical digestion begins here. 22. This structure contains villi. 23. Reabsorption of water occurs in this structure. 24. The end of digestion for all foods occurs here. 25. Peristalsis begins in this structure. 26. This is an example of an accessory organ. 27. This organ contains capillaries where the diffusion of nutrients into the blood occurs. D – Small intestine E – Esophagus B – Liver, C – gall bladder, G - pancreas D – Small intestine

27. 20. The immediate result of a blockage to one ureter would be to • limit the ability to store urine • prevent the filtering of blood • stop the release of urine from the body • increase the amount of urine entering the bladder

28. 21. Which statement about the excretory system is false? • Wastes from the digestive system are excreted by the excretory system. • The liver produces urea. • The kidneys regulate the concentration of substances in the blood. • The skin releases water, salt and urea.

29. 2. The change in the size of the pupil is a a. trait b. environmental change c. habitat change d. reflex 5. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood stimulates the respiratory center of the brain. As a result, impulses are sent from the • cerebrum to the chest muscles decreasing breathing rate • medulla to the diaphragm, increasing breathing rate • medulla to the trachea, causing it to constrict • cerebrum to the alveoli, causing them to actively transport oxygen

30. 6. The peripheral nervous system • is made up of the brain and spinal cord. • consists of interneurons. • consists of nerves branching off of the spinal cord. • depends only on motor neurons

31. 9. A physiologist removed the pancreas from several dogs in an experiment to investigate its function. He placed five normal dogs in one kennel and five dogs lacking a pancreas another kennel. The physiologist observed that ants were attracted in large numbers to the kennel of the dogs lacking a pancreas. Because they lacked a pancreas, what substances did these dogs have that attracted the ants? • enzymes in their saliva b. sugar in their urine c. mineral salts in their feces d. oil in their fur.

32. 7. What occurs at the synapse? • The electrical charge jumps across the synapse to the dendrites of the next neuron. • The terminal branches contact the dendrites of the next neuron and neurotransmitters are transferred. • Terminal branches release neurotransmitters into the synapse and they lock into receptor sites of receiving dendrites. • Scientists are studying the process because the exact mechanism is unknown.

33. 12. Negative feedback is a process that • always reduces the amount of a hormone present in the blood • keeps conditions near their normal state • lowers the body temperature below normal • None of the above are correct.

34. A (pituitary) 14. Produces hormones that regulate the ovaries 15. Produces an iodine-containing hormone that aids in the regulation of metabolic rate. 17. Gland that is regulated by the hypothalamus and produces hormones that affect other endocrine glands. B (thyroid) A (pituitary)

35. B D Questions 18-21 are based on the diagram below of a reflex arc. 18. The effector. 19. The Sensory neuron. 20. Identify the neuron located between structures B and C. 21. Where is the neuron between structures B and C located? B D interneuron C spinal cord