Overview of the Systems of the Body

1. Overview of the Systems of the Body • Circulatory system: blood circulations with heart and blood vessels

2. Digestive system: processing food with mouth, stomach and intestines

3. Endocrine system: communicating within the body using hormones

4. Immune system: defending against disease-causing agents

5. Integumentary system: skin, hair and nails

6. Lymphatic system: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream

7. Muscular system: moving the body

8. Nervous system: collecting, transferring and processing information with brain and nerves

9. Reproductive system: the sex organs

10. Respiratory system: the organs used for breathing, the lungs

11. Skeletal system: structural support and protection through bones

12. Excretory/urinary/renal system: the kidneys and associated structures involved in the production and excretion of urine

13. Science you should already know and why you need to review it. • Four macromolecules: • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

14. Why are carbs important? • Glucose is taken in by cells of the body and broken down to obtain it’s energy – ATPs!!!! • Too much glucose gets stored in liver • Not enough glucose, liver releases it • Diabetics need to regulate carb. Intake • Low carbs diet craze – good or bad?

15. Why are proteins important? • Main component of muscles (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) • Enzymes are proteins that build or break down other molecules (ex lactase, acetylcholinesterase) • Proteins in cell membranes allow for transport of molecules into and out of cells

16. Why are lipids important? • Main component of all cell membranes • Main component of myelin sheath surrounding axon of nerve cells • Many vitamins are fat soluble • Cushioning and protection • Too much or too little causes health problems

17. Why are nucleic acids important? • DNA is the nucleic acid that dictates all of you traits • Genetic disorders are due to problems with DNA sequences – CAN’T BE CURED • RNA helps to build proteins for the body

18. Enzymes work by? • Lowering activation energy to break down or put together molecules • Why Important? • Almost all chemical processes in the body are driven by enzymes. Ex. cellular respiration • If enzyme is not working = illness • Ex. insulin not working = diabetes • Ex. Acetylcholinesterase not working = continuous muscle contraction

19. ATP is important because? • It is the key energy molecule that cells use for driving chemical reactions • Glucose is converted into many ATPs • ATP does work for all cells • Ex. ATP is needed everytime a muscle contracts or a nerve cell fires

20. We eat and breathe because? • We eat mainly to obtain glucose so we can eventually energy for our cells (ATP) • We breathe because oxygen is needed to fully break down glucose into ATPs • Food and oxygen is required for the process of cellular respiration

21. Chemical equation for eating and breathing • Chemical equation for cellular respiration is 6C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy(ATP) Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

22. Mitochondria • Organelle responsible for housing the chemical process of cellular respiration

23. Mitosis is important because? • When cells are damaged or destroyed mitosis is the process that replaces the cells with new ones that are identical to the old ones • When an organism grows, mitosis is the process that makes new cells

24. Draw and label a typical animal cell below

25. An ion is? • Cation = positively charged ion due to a loss of electrons • Ex. Ca+ needed for a muscle to contract, Na+ and K+ needed for a nerve impulse • Anion = negatively charged ion due to gain of electrons • Ex. HCO3 – maintains blood pH

26. An isomer is? • Molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently. • Ex glucose and fructose are both C6H12O6 but they are different – your cells use glucose directly but must convert fructose to use it

27. Difference between structural and molecular formula is? • Structural formula is a graphical picture of how a molecule is arranged • Molecular formula is an expression of the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule • Glucose and fructose again as examples

28. Ionic bonds are? • An ionic bond is an electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms • Na+ and Cl- attract to become NaCl or salt • Important because these chemicals disassociate easily in water and can then be used to form ion gradients

29. Covalent bonds are? • Bonds formed between elements due to sharing of electrons • Very strong bonds • Important because • Carbon chains are covalent, cellular structures and macromolecules are carbon based molecules • When a covalent bond is broken – lots of energy is released that can be used by the cells of the body (ex glucose broken down)

30. Polar and non-polar molecules differ because? • Polar molecules – “like” water, they dissolve in water (ex salts, water soluble vitamins, ions) • Non-polar – “fear” water and don’t dissolve in water (ex, lipids, hydrocarbon chains) • Why important? Basis for cells even existing, cell membrane is formed using polar and non-polar molecules

32. Valence electrons are important because? • The electrons in the outermost shell of atoms determine type of bonds to be formed • Also these electrons have potential energy for our cells to use • When hydrogen loses it’s one valence electron it becomes nothing more than a proton = H+ • Proton “pumps” keep cells working

33. Carbon is especially important to life because? • Living organisms are carbon-based life forms. • The molecules that make up our cells (carbs, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids) are ALL made out of carbon chains