Biology EOC Review Terms

1. Biology EOC Review Terms

2. Enzymes • Biological catalysts • Speed up reactions • End in –ase (like catalase) • Can be denatured (broken) by changing: • pH • Temperature • Concentration of substrate

3. Ribosome • Manufacture (synthesize, make) proteins • Found floating in the cytoplasm • Found on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

4. ATP • Adenosine triphosphate • Energy molecule • Made in the mitochondria • Made by cellular respiration

5. Eukaryote • Cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (like mitochondria) • Examples: plants, animals, protists, and fungi • Can be unicellular or multicellular • REMEMBER: Eu – karry – a – nucleus

6. Nucleus • “brain” of the cell • Control center • Holds genetic information (DNA) • Defines a cell as being a eukaryote

7. Abiotic • Non-living • A = no or not • Bio = living

8. Cell Wall • Outer covering on plants • In plants, is made of cellulose • NEVER found in animal cells • Function: protection & support

9. Enzyme – Induced Fit

10. Prokaryote • Cell that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles • Example: Bacteria • Unicellular

11. Chloroplast • Organelle found in plant cells • Used for photosynthesis • Contains chlorophyll

12. Vacuole • Storage • Large in plants • Small in animals

13. Mitochondria • Organelle where cellular respiration takes place • Produces ATP • FUNCTION: to make energy

14. Nucleic Acids • Examples: DNA or RNA • Monomer (building blocks): nucleotides • Function: carries genetic information

15. Homeostasis • To maintain an internal or external balance • To remain at a steady state • Example: when you are hot, you sweat to cool off

16. Haploid • Containing one copy of each chromosome • Represented by: n • Ploidy of cells after meiosis

17. Lipids • Examples: fats, oils, waxes • Function: provide energy to cells (have 2x as much energy as carbohydrates) • Monomer: glycerol and 3 fatty acids

18. Plasma Membrane • Also known as: cell membrane, cell envelope • Function: allows for movement of molecules into and out of the cell • Made of a phospholipid bi-layer • Model: Fluid Mosaic

19. Photosynthesis • Process of changing light energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates) • Takes place in chloroplasts • Has 2 phases • Light dependent • Light independent • Equation: H2O + CO2 + light  C6H12O6 + O2

20. Biotic • Living things • Can be called organisms

21. Carbohydrates • Function: quick energy for the cell • Monomer: monosaccharide • Commonly called: sugars • End in –ose • Examples: glucose, sucrose, starch, chitin, cellulose

22. Gamete • Reproductive cell • Haploid at the end of meiosis • Animals  egg, sperm • Plants  pollen, egg

23. Mitosis • Nuclear division • Body cells are dividing (muscle, skin, etc.) • Produces 2 cells identical to the original cell • Has 4 phases • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase

24. Aerobic Respiration • Does not require oxygen • Produces 2 ATP from 1 ATP • Process of fermentation • Lactic Acid fermentation  “Jelly Muscles” • Part of cellular respiration

25. Diffusion • Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration

26. Diploid • Having 2 copies of each chromosome • Represented as: 2n • Ploidy of cells after mitosis

27. Osmosis • Movement of water across a cell membrane • Hypotonic  water moving into the cell (cell bursts) • Hypertonic  water moving out of the cell (cell shrivels) • Isotonic  equal amount of water moving into and out of the cell

28. Meiosis • Nuclear division of gametes • Produces 4 haploid cells • Gametes must go through meiosis before fertilization takes place

29. Cellular Respiration • Process of using chemical energy (food) to make ATP • Takes place in mitochondria • Has 2 phases • Aerobic  makes 38 ATP • Anaerobic  makes 2 ATP • Equation: • C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2 + ATP

30. Aerobic Respiration • Takes place in the mitochondria • Needs oxygen • Produces 38 ATP from 1 ATP molecule

31. Proteins • Used to build new cells, for defense (antibiotics), hormones • Monomer: amino acids • Typically end in –in • Example: enzymes, meat

32. Characteristics of Living Things • R – Reproduce • A – Adapt • R – Respond • E – Energy • H – Homeostasis • O – Organized • G – Grow & Develop

33. Levels of Organization in Living Things Cells  Tissues  Organs  Systems  Body

34. Cells • Smallest unit of life • Eukaryotic – have a nucleus • Prokaryotic – don’t have a nucleus

35. Organelles • Individual parts that make up a cell (like the nucleus, mitochondria, cytoplasm, ribosomes)

36. Hypothesis • Educated guess (possible solution) to a scientific problem

37. Independent Variable • Thing that is tested during an experiment • Found on the x-axis of a graph

38. Dependent Variable • Measurement of the independent variable • Found on the y-axis of a graph

39. Control • Measure of comparison of an experiment • Things that are the most like “normal”

40. Organic Macromolecules • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

41. Elements found in Living Things • C – carbon • H – hydrogen • N – nitrogen • O – oxygen • P – phosphorus • S – sulfur

42. The Cell Theory • Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things. • All living things are composed of cells. • Cells come from pre-existing cells.

43. Biogenesis vs. Spontaneous Generation • Biogenesis • Cells come from pre-existing cells • Bio = life • Genesis = to create • Spontaneous Generation • Cells come from non-living matter • Also called ABIOGENESIS