Chapter 27

1. Chapter 27 Discussion and Review

2. Imperialism in China to 1914

3. The Trade Issue in China • Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders. • The Qing, did not consider the British a serious threat. • To the Qing, the British were geographically distant and uninterested in trade. • China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported. • Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them.

4. Internal Problems • By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline. • overpopulation • Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained • leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley. • widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden. • The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals.

5. Opium trade and war 1839-1842 • The only item that the British could find to exchange was opium. • Ban on Opium • opium imports had long been banned by the Qing government, but seldom enforced. • By 1839, due to the increase of drug-related problems, Qing begin enforcing the ban. • The British considered enforcement a restraint on trade and an assault on British economic well-being. • sent their naval and marine forces (gun boats) to China, to attack Chinese coastal cities • Chinese forces, Bannermen, who fought with traditional weapons were no match

6. China Pushed West • 1842 Nanking Treaty “unequal treaties” opened way for foreign influence :Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan • Britain received the largest “slice”! • China paid a huge indemnity to Britain. • British rights of residence in Chinese “treaty ports • Granted extraterritoriality and most favored nation status • Hong Kong (1842 -1997) became a British colony

7. The Taiping Rebellion 1850-1864 • Beginning in the Guangxi region, the rebellion was sparked by an unstable agricultural base and a declining economy • Christian movement? • led by Hong Xiuquan, who saw himself as a younger brother of Jesus, destined to drive the Qing from China. • Strategy • Used different ethnic and economic groups to fight against the Qing. • used of women in warrior brigades • Controlled • the countryside and captured the city of Nanjing, where they barricaded themselves against imperial forces during a ten-year siege.

8. European Reactions to the Taiping rebellion • A Christian movement? • Europeans later concluded that the Taipings were not true Christians. • Europe to the rescue? • When the Crimean War was ended in 1856, Britain and France were free to turn their attention to China. • briefly attacked Qing port cities as punishment for Qing reluctance to fulfill the obligations of previous treaties • With European help, the Taiping Rebellion was suppressed by 2864

9. Fall of the Qing Dynasty • Boxer Rebellion • angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. • In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers. • Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms. • Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic. • In 1911China becomes a Republic with Sun Yutsen as its leader.

10. Tokagawa Japan • Japan closed its borders to foreigners and prohibited the Japanese travel abroad. Why? • inability to resist invasions • Problems caused by decentralization • Unable to strengthen its finances and military. • Decline of the Shogunate • Commodore William Perry forces Japan to open trade in 1853 with the U.S. • shogunate agreed to sign an unequal treaty Kanagawa with the United States in 1858

11. Meiji Restoration (1868-1912) • Their motto “ A rich country, a strong military.” • centralized and efficient national government and restored political power to the emperor. • Reforms (Western models) • in education, military, and industrial expansion • Within decades, Japan became a world naval power.

12. Ottoman Empire

13. The Ottoman Empire • By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges. • Ideas of nationalism weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire. • Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians • Serbia and Greece had won independence in the early 1800s. The Balkans - 1878

14. Tanzimat (restructuring) Reforms • guaranteed political rights but restricted to men and the public sphere. • right to public trials, equal protection under the law for all religious persuasions, education reform and new tax collection methods, which eliminated the outdated tax farming system. • Janissaries were the most persistent opponent to change • Effects of the reform on women • Decreased their status; seclusion of women symbolized Turkish nativism and Muslim tradition • Overall effect • Europeans • Benefited from Extraterritoriality • Ottoman Empire • became a leader in secular reforms within the Islamic world • The reforms helped modernize the empire.

15. What were the causes of the Crimean War (1853-1856)? Russia Russia exploited the weakness of the Ottoman empire. Claimed to protect Christians In 1805, It forced the Ottomans to accede to Serbian independence by threatening to intervene Britain and France to the rescue? joined the Ottomans in an invasion of the Russian territory of Crimea. Defeated the Russians and thus blocked Russian expansion into Eastern Europe and Middle east Significance of the Crimean War Marked the transition to modern warfare (trench warfare, machine guns, grenades, etc.)