Human reproduction

1. Human reproduction

2. Female Reproductive System Ovary—gland that produces “ova” or eggs and secretes estrogen and progesterone

3. Female Reproductive System Ovary—gland that produces “ova” or eggs and secretes estrogen and progesterone Fallopian Tube—tube that carries eggs and sperm and is where fertilization occurs

4. Female Reproductive System Ovary—gland that produces “ova” or eggs and secretes estrogen and progesterone Fallopian Tube—tube that carries eggs and sperm and is where fertilization occurs Uterus—”womb”; hollow muscular organ in which a fertilized egg implants and is nourished until birth

5. Female Reproductive System Ovary—gland that produces “ova” or eggs and secretes estrogen and progesterone Fallopian Tube—tube that carries eggs and sperm and is where fertilization occurs Uterus—”womb”; hollow muscular organ in which a fertilized egg implants and is nourished until birth Endometrium—lining of uterus that grows a thick blood-rich tissue layer which either nourishes the developing fetus or is sluffed off during menstruation

6. Female Reproductive System Cervix—strong muscular opening that protects the uterus during pregnancy and opens during childbirth to allow the fetus to pass

7. Female Reproductive System Cervix—strong muscular opening that protects the uterus during pregnancy and opens during childbirth to allow the fetus to pass Vagina—”birth canal”; passageway to and from the uterus for menstrual flow, sperm, or a fetus during birth

8. Ovulation and Fertilization Ovulation—a mature ovum (egg) is released from the ovary about every 28-30 days Mature ova Immature ova

9. Ovulation and Fertilization Ovulation—a mature ovum (egg) is released from the ovary about every 28-30 days Fertilization—a sperm joins with the ova; cell division begins; within 1-2 days after ovulation Mature ova Immature ova

10. Fertilization

11. Ovulation and Fertilization Ovulation—a mature ovum (egg) is released from the ovary about every 28-30 days Fertilization—a sperm joins with the ova; cell division begins; within 1-2 days after ovulation Migration of fertilized ova down fallopian tube Mature ova Immature ova

12. Ovulation and Fertilization Ovulation—a mature ovum (egg) is released from the ovary about every 28-30 days Fertilization—a sperm joins with the ova; cell division begins; within 1-2 days after ovulation Migration of fertilized ova down fallopian tube Implantation—fertilized ova attaches to the uterus wall, approximately 6-12 days after ovulation Mature ova Immature ova

13. Implantation

14. Early Signs of Pregnancy Symptoms are different from woman to woman and from one pregnancy to another Some women begin to feel symptoms as early as a week after ovulation (or a week before a missed period Home pregnancy tests are not always accurate; The only sure way to know if you are pregnant is by a blood test

15. Early Signs of Pregnancy Missed period Just “feeling” pregnant Breast tenderness Fatigue Nausea Frequent urination Dizziness/fainting Food cravings or aversions Sensitivity to aromas Morning sickness Heartburn or constipation Mood swings/irritability Higher body temperature Low back pain Bloating or weight gain

16. Infertility • The inability to conceive a child

17. Infertility • The inability to conceive a child • Many causes: • 40% due to female infertility 40% due to male infertility 20% unknown causes or linked to both partners

18. Infertility • Treatments may vary based on the cause: • Medication to help ovaries produce ova • Medication to increase sperm count • Surgeries to remove blockages (ova or sperm) • Antibiotics to clear up infections • Behavioral treatments to help with sexual disorders

19. Infertility • Other options: • See pg. 98 (new book) or pg. 120 (old book) to fill in the chart