Modernization and Transformation of China Chapter 3 Early Attempts in Modernization

1. Modernization and Transformation of China Chapter 3 Early Attempts in Modernization

2. What is modernization? • Changes • In what aspects? Political? • It refers to the process in which a traditional • Society is transformed into a modern society. • It has been taking place in different parts of • The world since modern times

3. In what aspects? • Modern industries and technologies were • Developed. • Political systems became more democratic • What about thinking? • A free way of thinking was also promoted • Where did the modernization start? • It started in Europe, US and spread to Asia • When did it start in China? • It started in mid 19th century.

4. China in 1900 • Why did China start the modernization? • What problems did China face in the early 20th • Century? • Internal Instability • -increase in population • -heavy rents and taxation • -land shortage • -failure of the reforms • -Taiping Uprising

5. 2. External Invasion -First & Second Anglo-Chinese War (1839-42, 1856-58) -Sino-French War (1870) -Sino-Japanese War (1894-5) -Scramble for Concessions (1895-99) (DBQ) -Boxer Uprising (1900) (DBQ)

6. Late Qing Reform (Manzhu Reform)

7. All reforms in China: • Self-strengthening Movement 1860-95 • By Zheng Guofan, Li Hongzhang • 2. Hundred Day’s Reform 1898 • By Kang Yuwei, Liangqichao • 3. Late Qing Reform • By Cixi, Ronglu, Zhangzhidong, Yuan Shikai • Liu Kunyi

8. The Late Qing Reforms 1901-11 Background (Why did Cixi initiate a reform Programme in 1900?)

9. Military defeat • -First & Second Anglo-Chinese War (1839-42, • 1856-58) China had open treaty ports and • Granted many rights to Britain. • -Sino-French War (1870) Annam was ceded. • -Sino-Japanese War (1894-5) China had to • Cede land and paid indemnity. Her industry • Was affected. • -Scramble for Concessions (1895-99) • China was nearly partitioned, e.g. Shandong • Was given Germany, Guangzhou Bay & • Guangxi were given to France.

10. -Boxer Uprising 1900 allied expedition (text) humiliating escape of Cixi Boxer Protocol (text)complete Reorganization and strengthening

11. DBQ • He represents China (1 mark) • He dressed like a Qing officer. (1 mark) • 2. Yes, 1860-1911, China was like the • Officer being torn by others. The foreign • Powers divided China into spheres of influence, • Getting land, indemnity, most favoured • Nation treatment and extra territorial rights. • (2 marks)

12. No, China had started some refroms: SSM, Hundred Days’ and Late Qing reforms To strengthen China. The Chinese initiated uprisings: Moslem uprisings, Taiping Uprising, Boxer Uprising, 1911 Revolution to overthrow The Qing rule. (3/3 marks)

13. 3. China had external problems only? • Internal problems: • Growing population • Shortage of land • Heavy taxation • uprisings • regionalism

14. DBQ • Pig is the foreigners, leader of the church • (1 mark) Goats are the Christian followers. • 2. The artists criticized and looked down • Upon them. How? • Drawing them as animals • Some tied on the cross and some killed on the • Ground.

15. 3. –harsh treatment towards the foreigners During the Boxer Uprising -caused the hatred of the foreigners->allied Expedition 1900 -China was defeated and signed the Boxer Protocol. China lost a lot (text).

16. 2. The rise of regional powers (decentralization) -When was it known? -Boxer Uprising, the provincial governors Of southeast China ignored the central order and Refused to attack the foreigners in their Provinces. -too independent! -reform to check the growing power Of the regional authorities

17. 3. The spread of revolutionary ideas -Sun set up Xingzhonghui and Tongmenghui to overthrow Manzhu. -Sun asked for financial support from Overseas countries and spread the ideas By starting some uprisings—gained Popularity. -Cixi knew that she should start reform to maintain the Manzhu rule

18. 4. To follow the examples of Meiji Japan • Japan carried out the Meiji Modernization • (constitutional monarchy was set up and • Westernized reforms were carried out) • Japan became a world power • Defeated China in the S-J War and R-J War • China wanted to follow Japan as example.

19. Objectives -prevent national decentralization/disintegration Arising from revolutionary force, Anti-Qing sentiment, independent provincial Officers. -prolong the Manzhu rule

20. Implementation • -in two stages • 1901-5: more than 30 imperial edicts were • Issued. Political, military, economic and social • Reforms were introduced.

21. 2. 1905-11: demand for constitutional • Monarchy grew stronger • Sent five ministers abroad to study the • Constitutions of different countries • Issued the Outline of Constitution • Announced in 1911 that a parliament would • Be held in 5 years’ time (not 9 years)

22. Reform Programmes • Constitutional reforms • -mission • -After Russo-Japanese War 1904-5, • Chinese wanted a constitution similarar • to Meiji Constitution • -nine-year programme of constitutional • Preparation (provincial and national • Assemblies) • -1911, Cabinet consisting of 13 members • (8-Manzhus)

23. 2. Administrative reforms -11 ministries to replace 6 Boards -sinecures were abolished -abolished the sale of offices 3. Educational reforms -the eight legged essay examination was abolished -a modern school system with a mixed curriculum -old civil examination was abolished -Thousands of students were sent abroad to study

24. 4. Military reform -the Beiyang army was established under Yuan -Military examination were abolished -Military schools in western style

25. The Significance of the Late Qing Reforms in • The modernization of China • Positive • The introduction of modern political • Institution (offices/ departments) • Constitutional reform promised to grant • Constitutional government after 9 years • Eleven new ministries to replace old • Departments

26. 2. The modernization of military reform/ • creation of new army • Yuan Shikai modernized army • Sent army to attend military colleges and • Created academies to train new army • Size doubled –became the leading army in • Northern China • Army became independent of the central control.

27. 3. The modernization of education, • establishment of modern education • Abolition of civil service examination— • Gentry’s (scholar) ties with the state broke off. • The establishment of modern schools & sending • Students abroad. • People began to regard other sources of status, • E.g. western learning…

28. 4. The modernization of legal system/ • Legislation for economic activities • Many industrial and commercial laws and • Regulations were drafted • Provided a legal base for the enterprise owners • To do business in China • Marked the Chinese attempt at modernizing • The legal and economic systems.

29. 5. The modernization of society/ • Transforming the society • Lifted the ban on intermarriage between • The Manzhus and Hans • Foot binding was abolished • The opium smoking was prohibited • The farmlands were granted to the Eight • Banners

30. Negative / Limitation of the reforms • (Why were the forms unable to save the Qing • Dynasty?) • The creation of a new type of intellectuals • -people who were influenced by western • Education, e.g. returned students. • 2. The spread of revolutionary ideas in the army • -New army (soldiers & officers) educated in • Western military schools or abroad

31. The disappointment in insincere political reform -9 years for preparing the constitution -Royal Cabinet (8/13 Manzhus) 3.

32. 4. Aims only at prolonging the Manzhu rule • 5. Preventing the Han officials from gaining • Power • 4/6 units of the Beiyang New Army were • Taken away from him • Yuan and Zhang Zhidong were deprived • Of military power • A “Royal Cabinet” was formed (8/13 members • Were Manzhus)

33. 6. Serious corruption • The Late Qing Reform introduced no measures • To solve this problem. • Cixi, I Kang who were the leaders • Of the reform, were corrupt too.

34. 7. Severe financial difficulty • Indemnities caused by unequal treaties+ • Paid 450 million taels as compensation • The scope of reform was limited: military • Training was only applied to army not the navy. • The government lacked the resources to finish • The whole training programme.

35. 8. The lack of capable leaders/ POOR LEADERSHIP (NOTES) -Kang & Liang? -Yuan? Was retired by Prince Chun 1909 -Liu, Li and Zhang? died -Cixi & Guangxu?

36. 9. The lack of funds Where has the money gone? -Boxer indemnity -foreign loan -corruption -Railway projects borrowed loans from the banks

37. 10. The lack of sincerity/CONSERVATIVE OPPOSITION (NOTES) Who lacked the sincerity? Where can you see that the government did not Have sincerity? -constitution preparation has to take 9 years--> too long a period!

38. 11. The rising popularity of the revolutionary Movement -Tungmenghui under the leadership of Sun 12. The lack of mass support -Manzhu disliked a thorough reform -Conservative scholar officials opposed the Abolition of the civil service examination -Regional officials opposed the policy on Centralization of power and nationalization Of railwaymany turned to the revolutionaries.

39. 13. Too late! 14. Lack of favourable environment for reform

40. What made the Late Qing Reform different • From the last two reforms? (notes) • The reforms was more comprehensive. • Very special is that it attempted to introduce • Institutional changes and constitutional • Reforms. • 2. Constitutional reforms implies that Cixi • Was willing to share power with others and make • Her rule more democratic.

41. 2. It was first started by Cixi. Over the years, She was anti-progress and objected reforms & changes.