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Blueprint of Life

Blueprint of Life. Based on Chapter 1 of Post-genome Informatics by Minoru Kanehisa, Oxford University Press, 2000. Genome and gene. Nucleic acid and proteins. Nucleotide codes. BASES. Guanine. Adenine. Thymine. Cytosine. Uracil.

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Blueprint of Life

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  1. Blueprint of Life Based on Chapter 1 of Post-genome Informatics by Minoru Kanehisa, Oxford University Press, 2000

  2. Genome and gene

  3. Nucleic acid and proteins

  4. Nucleotide codes

  5. BASES Guanine Adenine Thymine Cytosine Uracil

  6. The Four Nucleosides of DNA A nucleoside is a sugar, here deoxyribose, plus a base dA = deoxyadenosine, etc. dA dG dC dT PURINES PYRIMIDINES

  7. Base Pairing

  8. The monomeric units of nucleic acids are called nucleotides. A nucleotide is a phospate, a sugar, and a purine or a pyramidine base.

  9. DNA: B form (7BNA)

  10. Amino acid codes

  11. Sperm whale myoglobin (1MBN)

  12. StandardGenetic Code

  13. Variation of genetic codes T1: standard T2: vert mt T3: yeast mt T4: other mt T5: invert. mt T6: cil. etc nuc. T9: ech. mt T10: eup. nuc. T12:alt yeast nuc T13: asc. mt T14: flat. mt T15: bleph. nuc.

  14. The central dogma and its evolution Transcription Translation Replication DNA RNA Protein Reverse-transcription (RNA World) RNA RNA

  15. Schematic illustration of a eukaryotic cell

  16. Schematic illustration of a plant cell

  17. The dual flow of information in life:the vertical flow by genetic information transmission, and the horizontal flow by the genetic information expression Development Organism Germ Cell Line

  18. History of structure determination for nucleic acids and proteins

  19. DNA Z-type (2ZNA) DNA B-type (7BNA) DNA A-type (140D) Polymorphic DNA tertiary structures

  20. Yeast alanyl transfer RNA

  21. Yeast phenylalanine tRNA (1TRA)

  22. The information content of various species in terms of the number of nucleotides in the genome. The complete genome sequences were determined in the years as designated. The increase of the GenBank nucleotide sequence database is also shown together with the release dates.

  23. Human chromosomes: idiograms

  24. Chromosomes

  25. Male XY (normal) Female XX (normal) X-linked recessive disorder. The inheritance pattern is shown for a recessive gene on the chromosome X, designated in bold. Female XX (normal) Female XX (normal) Male XY (affected) Male XY (normal)

  26. Father Mother Linkage analysis. The relative distance between the disease gene (D) and a marker (M) can be estimated from the frequency that both D and M are transmitted together to offspring. Marker M Disease gene D Children M M M D D D

  27. Reductionistic and synthetic approaches in biology Biological System (Organism) Reductionistic Approach (Experiments) Synthetic Approach (Bioinformatics) Building Blocks (Genes/Molecules)

  28. Basic principles in physics, chemistry and biology. Principles Known? Physics Matter Chemistry Compound Biology Organism Elementary Particles Yes Genes No Elements Yes

  29. The Protein Folding Problem

  30. Protein Folding Problem(Sequence 3D Structure) 1 Protein folding is thermodynamically determined(Anfinsen’s thermodynamic principle) Protein + Environment 2. Protein folding is a reaction imvolving other interacting molecules (Principle of molecular interactions) Protein + Chaperonins +….

  31. Central Paradigm

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