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Arabic Language Prelim

Arabic Language Prelim. Arabic. Arabic : is a Central Semitic language Pronunciation : العربية al-arabiyah Spoken in : Primarily in the Arab states of the Middle East and North Africa; it’s language of Islam. One of the six official languages of the UN.

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Arabic Language Prelim

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  1. Arabic Language Prelim

  2. Arabic • Arabic : is a Central Semitic language • Pronunciation :العربيةal-arabiyah • Spoken in :Primarily in the Arab states of the Middle East and North Africa;it’s language of Islam. • One of the six official languages of the UN. • Total speakers :by more than 280 million people as a first language , and by 250 million more as a second language after English and/or French.

  3. Arab World

  4. The Language of the League of Arab States

  5. Arabic is ranked #4 among the most widely spoken languages in the world. • Chinese Mandarin 885 million • Spanish 332 • English 322 • Arabic 235

  6. By 2050, Arabic speakers could outnumber those in English worldwide!

  7. …the Language of Islam • Arabic is the language of Scripture and prayer for 1.2 billion Muslims worldwide. • That includes approximately six million Muslims in the US!

  8. …a Language for Christians…for Arab-Americans • Arabic is also the language of Scripture and prayer for some 30 million Christians in Africa and the Middle East. • Arabic is the mother tongue of some three million people of Arab origin living in the US.

  9. …the fastest-growing spoken language of study at U.S. colleges and universities. • A survey of the Modern Language Association indicated that the number of students studying Arabic at U.S. colleges climbed 92.3% - to 10,584 – between 1998 and 2002. The number of undergraduate campuses teaching Arabic jumped 48%, to 233.

  10. From Arabic to Spanish • Arabic words have made their way into many European languages. • Some 4,000 words in Spanish, mostly nouns, were borrowed from Arabic • Aceite, Alfombra, Algodon, Arroz, etc.

  11. From Arabic to Spanish to English • From Spanish, many Arabic words passed into other languages, including English: • admiral, alcohol, algebra, algorithm, almanac • candy, chemistry, coffee, cotton, crimson • magazine, mascara, mattress, mocha • safari, sequin, sherbet, sofa, syrup • zenith and zero

  12. Arabic Script خحجثتبأ • A number of other languages use or have used a version of the Arabic script. • These include: • Persian or Farsi (Iran) • Pashto (Afghanistan, Iran, India) • Urdu (India & Pakistan) • Formerly Turkish

  13. The Classification & History of Arabic

  14. The Classification of Arabic • Arabic is a Semitic language • It is related to languages such as: • Akkadian (ancient Mesopotamian language) • Hebrew & Aramaic • Ethiopic

  15. Semitic Languages

  16. Map of SemiticLanguages

  17. The History of Arabic • Evidence for written Arabic before the advent of Islam is quite limited. • The first inscription in a language recognized as Arabic dates from 328 CE. • Arabic script is probably derived from a cursive form of Nabataean, which is itself derived from Aramaic.

  18. The Origins of Arabic Script

  19. Some Basic Features of Arabic • An alphabet of 28 letters • Written from right to left • Three long & three short vowels (a, i, u) • Short vowels are not normally written except in: • The Qur’an, Bible, children’s books, dictionaries, etc.

  20. Root and pattern system • Most verbs and nouns are derived from a 3-letter root • For example from the root D R S come: • Darasa to study • Darrasa to teach • Dars lesson, class • Madrasa school • Mudarris teacher

  21. Varieties of Arabic Classical Modern Standard, Colloquial or Dialects

  22. Classical Arabic • The Qur’an represents the greatest example of Classical Arabic and set the standard for the language for centuries.

  23. Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) • Modern Standard Arabic (“fus-Ha”) is derived from Classical Arabic and was developed in the late 19th-early 20th centuries: • To guard the integrity of the Arabic language and preserve it from foreign influences • To adapt the Arabic language to the needs of modern times, especially to express modern political ideas and technological terms • To unite the Arab world under a common language

  24. Modern Standard Arabic • MSA is used for: • Print & electronic media • Formal speeches • TV and radio news

  25. Colloquial Arabic (CA) “Al-Aamyyah” • CA is the first language of Arabic-speakers. • It’s the everyday dialect. • CA is the ONLY language for many people.

  26. Colloquial Arabic “is the mother tongue of the Arab & remains throughout his life the primary medium of interpersonal relationships.” Mary Catherine Bateson, Arabic Language Handbook (2003)

  27. Colloquial Arabic • There are over 30 varieties of CA in 5 groups: • North African (Morocco-Libya) • Egyptian (Egypt & the Sudan) • Levantine (Palestine, Leb., Syr. & Jordan) • Arabian (Saudi Arabia & the Gulf States) • Iraqi

  28. “How are you?” • In Syria, someone may ask: shlonak? • In Egypt, you will hear: izzayak? • In Morocco: kee deir?

  29. Or as we say in Arabic... Ahlan wa sahlan “WELCOME!”

  30. Arabic • Classical Arabic(CA), also known as Qur'anic or Koranic Arabic, is the form of the Arabic language used in literary texts. • Modern Standard Arabic(MSA): is the direct descendant used today throughout the Arab World in writing and in formal speaking, for example, prepared speeches, some radio broadcasts, and non-entertaining content,

  31. Arabic While the lexis and stylistics of Modern Standard Arabic are different from Classical Arabic, the morphology and syntax (grammar )have remained basically unchanged (though MSA uses a subset of the syntactic structures available in CA). The vernacular dialects (colloquial speech ), however, have changed more dramatically.

  32. Arabic In the Arab world, little distinction is made between CA and MSA, and both are normally called al-fuṣḥā (الفصحى‎) in Arabic, meaning 'the clearly spoken one' or the 'language of eloquence'. • Because the Qur'an is written in Classical Arabic, the language is considered by most Muslims to be sacred.[4] It is mostly the language in which Muslims recite their prayers, regardless of what language they use in everyday life.

  33. Exercise Q1 : Arabic language spoken in………………. Q2: From what family the Arabic language is ? Q3:What are the three main variants of Arabic? Q4: What is the dialects Arabic language of Morocco? Moroccan Arabic,Maghrebi

  34. Assignment • Find the colloquial or dialects Arabic language for any three chosen countries from the Arab world.

  35. Arab • An Arab (Arabic: عربي‎, Arabi) is a person who identifies as such on ethnic, linguistic or cultural grounds. • The plural form, Arabs (العربAl-Arab), refers to the ethnocultural group as a whole; a Semitic people historically residing predominantly in Arabia but today spread across most of the Middle East and many other parts of the world.

  36. What is an Arab ? • There are over 200 million Arabs worldwide. • To be an Arab, is not to come from a particular race or lineage. • To be an Arab, like an American, is a cultural trait rather than racial. • The Arab world includes Muslims, Christians and Jews. • Any person who adopts the Arabic language is typically called an Arab. • Arabic is the official and the original language of the Qur’an, the Islamic holy book.

  37. Arab • It must be emphasized that there is “ no one” Arab • culture or society. • The Arab world is full of rich and diverse • communities, groups and cultures. • Differences exist not only among countries, but • within countries as well.

  38. What does Culture means ? • An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. • The set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.

  39. What is Arab Culture ? • Arab culture: is an inclusive term that draws together the common themes and overtones found in the Arabic speaking cultures, especially those of the Middle-Eastern countries. This region's distinct Religion, Art, and Food are some of the fundamental features that define Arab culture.

  40. Exercise • List down the most famous Arab cultures: Hints: • Religion • Food • Dress • Believes • Attitudes • Men vs. women

  41. ARAB DRESS ( MEN ) • Arab dress for men ranges from the traditional flowing Thobes to blue jeans, T-shirts and western business suits. • The Thobes allow for maximum circulation of air around the body to help keep it cool, and the head dress provides protection from the sun. • Headdress pattern might be an indicator of which tribe, clan, or family the wearer comes from. • While in one village, a tribe or clan might have a unique headdress, in the next town over an unrelated tribe or clan might wear the same headdress.

  42. Examples of Headdress : • Red and /or white Ghetrah.( Middle East) • Historically of Palestinian origin. Black and grey represent Presidential rule and completion of the Hajj.

  43. ARAB DRESS ( WOMEN ) • Adherence to traditional dress varies across societies. (More traditional—Saudi Arabia Less traditional – Egypt) . • Traditional Arab dress features the full length body cover (Abayah, Jilbab, or Chador) and Veil (Hijab). • Some women cover their faces as well (Niqab). ( In class assignment : list down other different dresses for Arab women ) Example: • Rural women, who typically work in the fields, may wear less restrictive garments lighter in color and weight.

  44. WOMEN IN ARAB SOCIETIES • Arab women are typically subordinate to men in their societies. • The extent varies by country. The most restrictive conditions exist on the Arabian Peninsula, and the most relaxed conditions exist in the urban areas of Egypt, Syria and Lebanon.

  45. FAMILY • The family is the key social unit to an Arab. • This loyalty influences all aspects of an Arab’s life. • Arabs honor and respect their family. • They highly value friendships. • Fathers are the authority figure. Mothers have power over the house and the children. • Larger the better: Large families provide for possible economic benefits, particularly for the possibility that a son will care for his parents in their elderly years. • Children: Male are favored, since a son is expected to care for his parents in their advanced age, whereas a daughter becomes part of the son-in- law’s family.

  46. ARAB CHILDREN • Young children are treasured, adored and indulged. • Arabs tend to have a preference for male. • Older boys are allowed to attend the gatherings of men. • Older girls are carefully protected. • Children are taught to conform to norms and conventional Arab society. • Children are not encouraged to seek individuality as much as they are in the West. • Children seldom leave home until they marry. It is expected that everyone will marry. • When girls married they don’ttake their husbands name. • Honor and dignity are tied to the good repute of one’s family. • Children belong to their father’s family, and in the case of divorce the father is automatically awarded custody of boys at least 9 years old and girls at least 12 years old. Younger children remain with their mother. 47

  47. ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective ARAB : • Family: Center of everything. (Father has first and last word.) • Friends : Periphery (محيط) , but courteous (مهذب) to all. • Honor :Very Important amongst Arabs. Honor will be protected and defended at all costs. • Shame (especially against family) : avoided at all costs, insults and criticism taken very seriously. • Time :less rigid. Approach to time is much more relaxed and slower than that in Western cultures. • Religion :Central to all things. • Society :Family / tribe is most important. • Government :Most governments are secular علمانى, but still emphasize religion. • Age and Wisdom honored. • (Wealth honored in both cultures).

  48. ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective WESTERN : • Family – Important but not as central to individual. • Friends –Core to some, important to most. • Honor – Typically not as important. • Shame –Typically not as important. • Time-Very structured, deadlines must be met. • Religion –Varies by individual, very personal, not discussed in polite conversation. • Society –Individual rights. • Government –Purpose is to protect rights and improve standard of living. • Youth and Beauty praised. • (Wealth honored in both cultures).

  49. Exercise Q : Write Three points of each for the following : A- Arab Dress Men B- Arab Dress Women C- Family in Arab World D-ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective

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