Unit E

1. Skeletal System Unit E

2. Abduction adduction Appendicular skeleton Axial skeleton Ball and socket joint Bursa Circumduction Compact bone Diaphysis Endosteum Epiphysis Extension Flexion Fontanel Hemopoiesis Joint Medullary canal Ossification Osteocytes Periosteum Pronation Rotation Spongy bone Supination Suture Gliding joint Hinge joint Pivot joint Synovial fluid Terminology

3. Arthritis Arthroscopy Closed reduction Dislocation Fractures Greenstick fracture Kyphosis Lordosis Open reduction Scoliosis Sprain Strain Traction Disorders and Related Terminology

4. Skeletal System • 206 bones • Functions • Supports body and provides shape • Protects internal organs • Movement and anchorage of muscles • Mineral storage (Calcium and Phosphorus) • Hemopoiesis-the process of blood cell formation in the red bone morrow! Osteocytes –composed of microscopic mature bone cell

5. Bone Formation • Embryo skeletal starts as osteoblasts (primitive embryonic cells) – then change to cartilage • Fontanel – soft spot on baby’s head • 8 weeks: • Ossification begins (mineral matter begins to replace cartilage • Infant bones soft because ossification is not complete

6. The areas where cranial bones join together to form immovable joint (sutures) which allow firstly the head to pass through the birth canal and secondly postnatal brain growth. Chewing involves what bone? Sutures

7. Structure of Long Bone • Diaphysis – shaft • Epiphyses – ends • Medullary cavity – center of shaft, filled with yellow bone marrow, which is mostly fatty cells, also cells that form white blood cells • Endosteum- lines marrow cavity

8. Structure of long Bone Continued • Shaft is made of compact bone (DENSE bone) the ends are spongy bone (POROUS bone). Ends contain red marrow where red blood cells are made • Periosteum – tough, outside covering of bone – contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves

10. The shaft of the long bone is?

11. The outer covering of the bone is?

12. Axial and Appendicular Skeleton • Axial – skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, hyoid • Appendicular – shoulder girdle, arms, pelvis, legs • Ribs and sternum • Sternum divided into 3 parts (bottom tips is xiphoid process) • 12 pairs of ribs – first 7 are true ribs • Next three are false ribs • Next two are floating ribs

13. Bones of the skull, spine & chest make up the ?

14. Largest bone in the body?

15. What bones make up the pelvis?

16. Another name for breast bone?

18. Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius and ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Pelvis Femur Tibia and Fibula Patella Tarsal bones Calcaneus Metatarsals Appendicular skeleton

20. The lower arm bone is located on the thumb side? The medical term for the finger bones is?

22. Medical term for the knee cap?

23. A sprain - is an injury which occurs to ligaments caused by being stretched beyond their normal capacity and possibly torn. Muscular tears caused in the same manner are referred to as a strain. If you damage ligaments, you will have a?

24. Spine – Vertebral Column • Encloses the spinal cord • Vertebrae – separated by pads of cartilage • Intervertebral discs • Cervical Vertebrae (7) • Atlas – 1st cervical vertebrae • Axis – 2nd cervical vertebrae • Thoracic Vertebrae (12) • Lumbar Vertebrae (5) • Sacrum • Coccyx

26. What cranial bone is at the rear of the skull that connects with the spinal column?

27. Vertebral Column

28. Joints • Joints are points of contact between 2 bones- classified according to movement: • Diarthrosis – movable • Amphiarthrosis – partially movable • Synarthrosis – immovable • Articular cartilage – covers joint surface • Synovial Fluid – lubricating substance in joints. The fluid that reduces friction during joint movement.

29. What joint allows the greatest freedom of movement? Types of Joints

30. Types of Joints • Ball and socket • Bone with ball shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone. Shoulders and hips • Hinge • Move in one direction or plane. Knees, elbows, outer joints of fingers • Pivot • Those with an extension rotate on a 2nd arch shaped bone. Radius and ulna, atlas and axis • Gliding • Flat surfaces glide across each other. Vertebrae of spine

31. It is composed of collagen fibers and/or elastic fibers, and can supply smooth surfaces for the movement of articulating bones. Articular Cartilage

32. It’s a boundary-layer lubrication, which reduces friction between opposing surfaces of cartilage. Synovial Fluid

33. Types of Motion • Flexion • Extension • Abduction • Adduction • Circumduction • Rotation • Pronation • Supination

34. Flexion is a position that is made possible by the joint angle decreasing. FLEXION

35. A movement of a joint in which one part of the body is moved away from another. If you go from a sitting position to a standing position, the joint action at the knee is extension! Extension

36. AbductionA motion that pulls a structure or part away the midline of the body. Adduction A motion that pulls a structure or part towards the midline of the body

37. The circular or a more precise movement of a body part, such as a ball-and-socket joint or the eye. Circumduction

38. A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis. What movements occurs when you turn your head from side to side? Rotation

39. A rotation of the forearm that moves the palm from an anterior-facing position to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing down. Pronation

40. The opposite of pronation, the rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly, or palm facing up. Supination

41. Disorders of the Bones and Joints • Fracture- a break • Treated by: • Closed reduction- cast or splint applied • Open reduction- surgical intervention with devices such as wired, metal plates or screws to hold bone in alignment (internal fixation) • Traction- pulling force used to hold the bone in place • Used for fractures of long bones

42. Fractures • Closed or simple • bone broken, broken ends don’t break skin • Open or compound • broken bone pierce the skin, can lead to infection • Greenstick • in children, bone bent and splintered but never completely separates • Comminuted • splintered or broken into many pieces • Spiral • bone twists, resulting in one or more breaks

44. A bone that breaks through the skin is? COMPOUND FRACTURE

45. Disorders Cont. • Dislocation • Bone displaced from proper position in joint • Sprain • sudden or unusual motion, ligaments torn but joint is not dislocated • Radiology • X-rays for diagnosis evaluation of bones

46. Curvature of Spine • Kyphosis • Hunchback • Lordosis • Swayback • Scoliosis • Lateral curvature

47. Bone Disorders • Osteoporosis- % of those infected are women. Mineral density of bone is reduced 35 – 65%. The loss of bone mass leaves the bone thinner, porous and more prone to fracture. • Osteomyelitis – bone infection • Osteosarcoma – bone cancer

48. When bones becomes more porous, loses calcium & phosphorous they are likely to fracture.

49. Dx and Rx • Arthroscopy- examination into joint using arthroscope with fiber optic lens • Arthroplasty- reconstruction of joint • Microdiskectomy- operation to remove damaged Intervertebral disc through tiny incision. Bone plug is usually used to replace the damaged disc.

50. Arthroplasty Arthroscopy Microdiskectomy