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Typological & Functional Approaches

Typological & Functional Approaches. By Crystal ( 曾靖雅 ) Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. the study of the patterns exhibited in the languages worldwide. 2. 1. Typological Approach. Functional Approach.

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Typological & Functional Approaches

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  1. Typological & Functional Approaches By Crystal (曾靖雅) Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second language acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge.

  2. the study of the patterns exhibited in the languages worldwide 2 1 Typological Approach Functional Approach 2 Approaches to SLA • the study of how language functions (tense/ aspect, which combines verb meanings, morphological form, and phonology) p191 Company Logo

  3. Typological Universal • The study of typological universals stem from work in linguistics by Greenberg (1963). • Linguists discover similarities/differences in Lg. • Linguists attempt to determine linguistic typologies or what “type” of langauges are possible. • If a language has feature X, it will also have feature Y. p191 Company Logo

  4. In language with prepositions, the genitive almost always follows the governing noun, while in languages with postpositions it almost precedes the noun. • French (7-1)le chien de mon amithe dog of my friend • Italian(7-3)il cane di mia madrethe dog of my mother p192 Company Logo

  5. In languages with postpositions, such as Turkish, what we call prepositions follow the noun, where the morphological markers follow the noun • Turkish (7-4) a. deniz = an ocean b. denize = to an ocean c. denizin = of an ocean p192 Company Logo

  6. English allows not only the predicted order, but also the unpredicted word order. • Predicted word orderthe leg of the table • Unpredicted word ordermy friend’s dog p192 Company Logo

  7. Languages with dominant verb-subject-object(VSO) order are always preposition. • Welsh (7-6) lladdwyd y dyn gan y ddraig.Killed-passive the man by the dragon the man was killed by the dragon. p192 Company Logo

  8. Natural Language • Interlanguages are natural languages. (Adjemian, 1976, p.298) • Interlanguage: the language produced by a nonative speaker of a language (eg. A learner’s output). Refers to the systematic knowledge underlying learners’ production. • Natural Langauge: any human language shared by a community of speakers and developed over time by a general process of evolution. p193 Company Logo

  9. Hindi (7-7)Ram-ne seb kaya.Ram apple ate “Ram ate an apple.” • French (7-13)Jean amange une pomme.Jean has eaten an apple • Japanese (7-19)Taroo-ga ringo-o tabeta.Taroo apple ate“Taroo ate an apple.” p193 p194 p194 Company Logo

  10. Table 7.1 Word orders • Head-initial Language • Head-final Language • Head = Verb p195 Company Logo

  11. Interlanguage Structural Conformity Hypothesis:All universals that are true for primary languages are also true for interlanguages.(Eckman, Moravcsik, and Wirth, 1989, p.195) • There are many ways in which universals can be expected to affect the development of SL grammars:(1) the shape of a learner’s grammar(2) acquisition order (marked form)(3) one of the interacting forces p196 Company Logo

  12. 7.2.1 Test case1: Accessibitiy Hierarchy (AH) • Keenan and Comrie (1977) • SU > DO > IO > OPREP > GEN > OCOMP • SU = subject That’s the man who ran away. The girl who came late is my mom. • DO = direct object That’s the man I saw yesterday. The girl Kate saw is my sister. • IO = Indirect object That’s the man to whom I gave the letter. The girl Whom I wrote a letter to is my sister. • OPREP = object of preposition relatives That’s the man I was talking about. The girl whom I sat next to is my sister. • GEN = genitive That’s the man whose sister I know. That girl whose father died told me she was sad. • OCOMP = object of comparative That’s the man I am taller than. The girl who Kate is smarter than is my sister. p197 Company Logo

  13. Gass (1979)(1)free compositions(2)sentence combining(3)grammaticality judgments p198 Company Logo

  14. Resumptive Pronoun Hierarchy • Hyltenstam (1984) • Resumptive pronoun • (7-25)She danced with the man who [*he] flew to Paris yesterday. • (7-26)The woman whom he danced with [her] flew to Paris yesterday. • OCOMP > GEN > OPREP > IO > DO > SU p198 Company Logo

  15. Resumptive Pronoun Hierarchy • 2003, Comire, typology for some East Asian Lgs. • 2003, O’Grady, Lee and choo, support AH. • 2007, Jeon and Kim, head-external & head-internal relative clauses. • 2007, Ozeki and Shirai, introduced another level of complexity. Company Logo

  16. 7.2.2 Test case IIthe acquisition of questions • Wh- inversion implies wh-fronting(7-28)Whom will you see? S VVS => the question word or phrase is initial. What is your daughter’s name? V S Company Logo

  17. 7.2.3 Test case IIIvoiced/ voiceless consonants • Phonology • Speakers of Spanish and Mandarin Chinese learning English. • Word-final voiceless sound • NL and language universals Company Logo

  18. Conclusion • The domain of language universals is that of natural languages and not second languages • The domain of language universals is that of all linguistic systems – any failure to comply with a putative language universal would then be taken as evidence that description of the universal is incorrect Company Logo

  19. Functional Approach • How language functions for the communication purposes • Tense and aspect: the Aspect Hypothesis • The discourse Hypothesis • Concept-oriented approach Company Logo

  20. Tense and aspect: the Aspect Hypothesis • Learners recognize what morphological markers for verbs • 1980s, a more sophisticated approach was taken to the L2 acquisition of tense-aspect morphology. That is “The Aspect Hypothesis.” • Punctual/ achievement/ state/ accomplishment verb • Target languages generally show:(1) Past/perfective: punctual/ achievement/ accomplishment(2) Imperfective: (durative) punctual/ achievement/ accomplishment(3) Progressive: strong duration or dynamic Company Logo

  21. The discourse Hypothesis • At the acquisition, not only lexical meaning, but also structure of the discourse in which utterances appear. • An investigation of learning English, showing that “will” emerges prior to “going to” as an expression of futurity(1) formal complexity(2) “will” as a lexical marker(3) one-to-one principle. Company Logo

  22. Concept-oriented approach • This approach is the need to map certain functions that the learner wants to express to the form that she or he needs to express it. Company Logo

  23. Thank You !

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